The Message The Book Of Romans Theology Religion Essay

The Message The Book Of Romans Theology Religion EssayAs evident in all other epistles compose by capital of Minnesota to the performes, in his epistle to the roman his drift was to proclaim the glory of the schoolmaster Jesus rescuer by teaching article of belief and edify and hike the believers who would receive his letter. Particularly, to all the brethrens who were extold by God and called to be saints according to Roman 17, and of run for because he himself was a Roman citizen, he had a unique passion for those in the assembly of believers in Rome. Since he had non, to this point, visited the church building building in Rome, this letter also served as his introduction to them. One of the key verses of the letter is found in Roman 116 I am not ashamed of the gospel truth, because it is the advocate of God for the salvation of everyone who believes, counterbalance for the Jew, then for the Gentile.THE meatThe Book of Romans is primarily a work of doctrine and can be divided into four sections righteousness needed, 118-320 righteousness provided, 321-839 righteousness vindicated, 91-1136 righteousness lend oneselfd, 121-1513. The main theme of this letter is obvious of programme righteousness. Guided by the Holy Spirit, capital of Minnesota first condemns all men of their sinfulness. He expresses his desire to recommend the truth of Gods Word to those in Rome. It was his hope to have assurance they were staying on the right path. He potently points out that he is not ashamed of the gospel (Romans 116), because it is the power by which everyone is saved.The Book of Romans tells us close to God, who He is and what He has done. It tells us of Jesus de braverer, what His death accomplished. It tells us about ourselves, what we were the like without savior and who we argon later on trusting in messiah. capital of Minnesota points out that God did not demand men have their lives straightened out before coming to rescuer. While we were put away sinners Christ died on a deny for our sins.1 playboy habitThe apostle capital of Minnesota founded the church in Corinth. A few historic period after leaving the church, the apostle capital of Minnesota heard some disturbing reports about the Corinthian church. They were full of pride and were excusing familiar immorality. Spiritual gifts were being used improperly, and there was rampant misunderstanding of key Christian doctrines. The apostle capital of Minnesota wrote his first letter to the Corinthians in an attempt to restore the Corinthian church to its foundation Jesus Christ. kernelThe Corinthian church was plagued by divisions. The believers in Corinth were dividing into groups loyal to certain religious leaders (1 Corinthians 11231-6). Paul exhorted the Corinthian believers to be united because of devotion to Christ (1 Corinthians 321-23). Many in the church were inwroughtly approving of an immoral relationship (1 Corinthians 51-2). Paul commanded them to expe l the wicked man from the church (1 Corinthians 513). The Corinthian believers were taking each other to court (1 Corinthians 61-2). Paul taught the Corinthians that it would be give away to be taken advantage of than to damage their Christian testimony.Paul gave the Corinthian church instructions on marriage and celibacy (chapter 7), food sacrificed to idols (chapters 8 and 10), Christian immunity (chapter 9), the veiling of women(1 Corinthians 111-16), the Lords Supper (1 Corinthians 1117-34), enlivenual gifts (chapters 12-14), and the resurrection (chapter 15). Paul organized the script of 1 Corinthians by answering questions the Corinthian believers had asked him and by responding to improper adopt and erroneous beliefs they had accepted.Paul uses the story of the Israelites wandering in the wilderness to illustrate to the Corinthian believers the folly of the rail at of freedom and the danger of overconfidence. Paul warned the Corinthians about their lack of self-discipl ine in 1 Corinthians 924-27. He goes on to describe the Israelites who, despite seeing Gods miracles and care for them, the parting of the Red Sea, the miraculous provision of bonanza from heaven and water from a rock, they misused their freedom, rebelled against God, and fell into immorality and idolatry. Paul exhorts the Corinthian church to promissory note the example of the Israelites and turn away lusts and sexual immorality and putting Christ to the test and complaining.2 CorinthianPURPOSEIn his second letter to the Corinthians, Paul expresses his relief and joy that the Corinthians had accepted his severe letter at present lost in a positive manner. That letter addressed issues that were tearing the church apart, primarily the stretch of self-styled false apostle who were assaulting Pauls character, sowing discord among the believers, and teaching false doctrine.THE MESSAGEPaul explains the nature of his ministry. Triumph with Christ and sincerity in the sight of God w ere the hallmarks of his ministry to the churches. He compares the glorious ministry of the righteousness of Christ to the ministry of time which is the law and declares his assent in the validity of his ministry in spite of severe persecution. Chapter 5 outlines the basis of the Christian assent the current nature (v. 17) and the exchange of our sin for the righteousness of Christ (v. 21).Furtherto a greater extent, Chapters 6 and 7 pay off Paul defending himself and his ministry, assuring the Corinthians yet again of his sincere love for them and exhorting them to repentance and consecrated living. In chapters 8 and 9, Paul exhorts the believers at Corinth to follow the examples of the brothers in Macedonia and extend generosity to the saints in need. He teaches them the principles and rewards of squeamish giving.Paul ends his letter by reiterating his authority among them (chapter 10) and concern for their religionfulness to him in the face of fierce encounter from fals e apostles. He calls himself a fool for having to reluctantly boast of his qualifications and his suffering for Christ in chapter 11. He ends his epistle by describing the vision of heaven he was allowed to experience and the thorn in the flesh he was disposed(p) by God to ensure his humility (chapter 12). The last chapter contains his exhortation to the Corinthians to examine themselves to see whether what they profess is reality, and ends with a benediction of love and peace.GalatiansPURPOSEThe churches in Galatia were formed partly of converted Jews and partly of Gentile converts, as was generally the case. Paul asserts his apostolic character and the doctrines he taught, that he might confirm the Galatians churches in the faith of Christ, especially with respect to the important point of justification by faith alone. Thus the subject is primarily the same as that which is discussed in the Epistle to the Romans, that is, justification by faith alone. In this epistle, however, at tention is particularly direct to the point that men are justified by faith without the works of the Law of Moses.MESSAGEGalatians was not written as an essay in contemporary history. It was a protest against corruption of the gospel of Christ. The essential truth of justification by faith rather than by the works of the law had been obscured by the Judaizers insistence that believers in Christ mustiness keep the law if they expected to be perfect before God.When Paul learned that this teaching had begun to penetrate the Galatians churches and that it had alienated them from their heritage of liberty, he wrote the impassioned remonstrance contained in this epistle. Paul appealed to the Galatians to stand fast in their freedom, and not get entangled again with a yoke of bondage (that is, the Mosaic law) (Galatians 51). Christian freedom is not an excuse to gratify ones lower berth nature rather, it is an probability to love one another (Galatians 51367-10).He stresses further t hat such freedom does not insulate one from lifes struggles. Indeed, it may intensify the battle between the Spirit and the flesh. Nevertheless, the flesh (the lower nature) has been crucified with Christ (Galatians 220) and, as a consequence, the Spirit willing bear His fruit such as love, joy, and peace in the life of the believer (Galatians 522-23).The letter to the Galatians was written in a spirit of inspired agitation. For Paul, the issue was not whether a person was circumcised, still whether he had become a sweet creation (Galatians 615). If Paul had not been successful in his argument for justification by faith alone, Christianity would have remained a sect within Judaism, rather than becoming the universal way of salvation. Galatians, therefore, is not scarcely Luthers epistle it is the epistle of every believer who confesses with Paul, I have been crucified with Christ it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me and the life which I now live in the flesh I li ve by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave Himself for me (Galatians 220).The books of James and Galatians illustrate two aspects of Christianity that from the very startle have seemed to be in conflict, though in reality they are supplementary. James insists on the value orientation of Christ, a demand that faith prove its existence by its fruits. Nevertheless, James, no less than Paul, emphasizes the need of the shift key of the individual by the grace of God (James 118).Galatians stresses the dynamic of the gospel that produces ethic (Galatians 313-14). Nor was Paul less concerned than James about the ethical life (Galatians 513). Like the two sides of a coin, these two aspects of Christian truth must always accompany each other.EphesiansPURPOSEPaul intend that all who long for Christ-like maturity would receive this writing. Enclosed within the Book of Ephesians is the discipline needed to produce into full-strength children of God. Furthermore, a study in Ephesia ns will help to fortify and to establish the believer so he can fulfil the purpose and calling God has given. The aim of this epistle is to confirm and to equip a maturing church. It presents a balanced view of the body of Christ and its importance in Gods economy.MESSAGEDoctrine occupies the great portion of the Book of Ephesians. Half of the teaching in this epistle relates to our standing in Christ, and the remainder of it affects our condition. All withal often those who teach from this book bypass all the foundational instruction and go directly to the closing chapter. It is this chapter that emphasizes the war or the struggle of the saints. However, to benefit fully from the contents of this epistle, one must begin at the radical of Pauls instruction in this letter.First, as followers of Christ, we must fully understand who God declares us to be. We must also become grounded in the knowledge of Gods accomplishment for all humanity. Next, our present existence and walk must become exercised and strengthened. This must continue until we no longer totter or stagger back and off with every spirit of teaching and subtlety of men.Pauls writing breaks down into three main segments. (1) Chapters one finished three introduce principles with respect to Gods accomplishment. (2) Chapters four and five put forth principles regarding our present existence. (3) Chapter six presents principles concerning our daily struggle.PhilippiansPURPOSEThe Epistle to the Philippians, one of Pauls prison epistles, was written in Rome. It was at Philippi, which the apostle visited on his second missionary tour (Acts 1612), that Lydia and the Philippians jailer and his family were converted to Christ. Now, some few years later, the church was well established, as may be inferred from its address which includes bishops (elders) and deacons (Philippians 11).MESSAGEPhilippians can be called Resources through and through Suffering. The book is about Christ in our life, Christ in ou r mind, Christ as our goal, Christ as our strength, and joy through suffering. It was written during Pauls imprisonment in Rome, about thirty years after Christs ascension and about ten years after Paul first preached at Philippi.Paul was Neros prisoner, yet the epistle fairly shouts with triumph, the terminology joy and prevail appearing frequently (Philippians 14, ,28Philippians 31,41,4,10). Right Christian experience is the outworking, whatever our circumstances may be, of the life, nature, and mind of Christ living in us (Philippians 16,1125,13). Philippians reaches its pinnacle at 25-11 with the glorious and profound declaration regarding the humiliation and exaltation of our Lord Jesus Christ.ColossianPURPOSEThe Book of Colossians is a mini-ethics course, addressing every area of Christian life. Paul progresses from the individual life to the home and family, from work to the way we should spread over others. The theme of this book is the sufficiency of our Lord, Jesus Chri st, in meeting our needs in every area.MESSAGEColossians was written explicitly to defeat the heresy that had arisen in Colosse, which endangered the existence of the church. While we do not know what was told to Paul, this letter is his response.We can surmise based on Pauls response that he was dealing with a defective view of Christ denying His real and true humanity and not accepting His full deity. Paul appears also to dispute the Jewish emphasis on circumcision and traditions (Colossians 28-11311). The heresy addressed appears to be either a Jewish-Gnosticism or a mix between Jewish asceticism and Greek philosophy. He does a remarkable job in pointing us to the sufficiency of Christ.The Book of Colossians contains doctrinal instruction about the deity of Christ and false philosophies (115-223), as well as practical exhortations regarding Christian conduct, including friends and speech (31-418). As with all the early churches, the issue of Jewish legalism in Colosse was of grea t concern to Paul. So radical was the ideal of salvation by grace apart from works that those steeped in onetime(a) Testament law found it very difficult to grasp. Consequently, there was a continual movement among the legalists to add certain requirements from the law to this new faith.1 ThessaloniansPURPOSEIn the church of Thessalonica there were some misunderstandings about the return of Christ. Paul desire to clear them up in his letter. He also writes it as an instruction in holy living.MESSAGEThe first three chapters are about Paul longing to visit the church in Thessalonica but not being able to because Satan stopped them (1 Thessalonians 218), and how Paul cared for them and was encouraged to hear how they had been. Paul then prays for them (1 Thessalonians 311-13). In chapter 4, Paul is instructing the believers in Thessalonica on how to live, in Christ Jesus, a holy life (1 Thessalonians 41-12). Paul goes on to instruct them of a misconception they had. He tells them th at the people who have died in Christ Jesus will also go to heaven when He comes back (1 Thessalonians 413-18,51-11). The book ends with final instructions of living the Christian life.Paul reminds the Thessalonians that the persecution they were receiving from their own countrymen (v. 215), the Jews who rejected their Messiah, is the same that the Old Testament prophets suffered (Jeremiah 230Matthew 2331). Jesus warned that true prophets of God would always be contrasted by the unrighteous (Luke 1149). In Colossians, Paul reminds them of that truth.2 ThessaloniansPURPOSEThe church in Thessalonica still had some misconceptions about the Day of the Lord. They thought it had come already so they stopped with their work. They were being persecuted badly. Paul wrote to clear up misconceptions and to comfort them.MESSAGEPaul greets the church at Thessalonica and encourages and exhorts them. He commends them for what he hears they are doing in the Lord, and he prays for them (2 Thessalon ians 111-12). In chapter 2, Paul explains what will happen in the Day of the Lord (2 Thessalonians 21-12). Paul then encourages them to stand firm and instructs them to keep away from idle men who dont live by the gospel.1timothyPURPOSEPaul wrote to herds grass to encourage him in his state for overseeing the work of the Ephesians church and possibly the other churches in the province of Asia (1 Timothy 13).This letter lays the foundation for ordaining elders (1 Timothy 31-7), and provides centering for ordaining people into offices of the church (1 Timothy 38-13).In essence, 1 Timothy is a leadership manual for church organization and administration.MESSAGEThis is the first letter Paul wrote to Timothy, a young agoneor who had been a help to Paul in his work. Timothy was a Greek. His mother was a Jewess and his father was Greek. Paul was more than just a mentor and leader to Timothy, he was like a father to him, and Timothy was like a son to Paul (1 Timothy 12). Paul begins t he letter by urging Timothy to be on guard for false teachers and false doctrine. However, much of the letter deals with pastoral conduct.Paul instructs Timothy in worship (chapter 2) and developing mature leaders for the church (chapter 3). Most of the letter deals with pastoral conduct, warnings about false teachers, and the churchs responsibility toward single members, widows, elders, and buckle downs. All throughout the letter, Paul encourages Timothy to stand firm, to persevere, and to remain true to his calling.2 TimothyPURPOSEThe Book of 2 Timothy is essentially Pauls last words. Paul looked past his own circumstances to express concern for the churches and specifically for Timothy. Paul wanted to use his last words to encourage Timothy, and all other believers, to persevere in faith (2 Timothy 314) and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ (2 Timothy 42).MESSAGEPaul encourages Timothy to remain passionate for Christ and to remain firm in sound doctrine (2 Timothy 11-2,13-14). Paul reminds Timothy to avoid ungodly beliefs and practices and to flee from anything immoral (2 Timothy 214-26). In the end times there will be both intense persecution and apostasy from the Christian faith (2 Timothy 31-17). Paul closes with an intense plea for believers to stand firm in the faith and to finish the race strong (2 Timothy 41-8).TitusPURPOSEThe Epistle to Titus is known as one of the Pastoral Epistles as are the two letters to Timothy. This epistle was written by the apostle Paul to encourage his brother in the faith, Titus, whom he had left in Crete to lead the church which Paul had established on one of his missionary journeys (Titus 15). This letter advises Titus regarding what qualifications to look for in leaders for the church. He also warns Titus of the reputations of those living on the island of Crete (Titus 112).MESSAGEHow wonderful it must have been when Titus received a letter from his mentor, the apostle Paul. Paul was a much-honoured man and rightly s o, after establishing several churches throughout the easterly world. This famous introduction from the apostle would have been read by Titus To Titus, my true son in our common faith Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Saviour (Titus 14).The island of Crete where Titus was left by Paul to lead the church was inhabited by natives of the island and Jews who did not know the truth of Jesus Christ (Titus 112-14). Paul felt it to be his responsibility to follow through with Titus to instruct and encourage him in developing leaders within the church at Crete. As the apostle Paul directed Titus in his count for leaders, Paul also suggested how Titus would instruct the leaders so that they could grow in their faith in Christ. His instructions included those for both men and women of all ages (Titus 21-8).PhilemonPURPOSEThe letter to Philemon is the shortest of all Pauls writings and deals with the practice of knuckle downry. The letter suggests that Paul was in priso n at the time of the writing. Philemon was a slave owner who also hosted a church in his home. During the time of Pauls ministry in Ephesus, Philemon had likely journeyed to the city, heard Pauls preaching and became a Christian. The slave Onesimus robbed his master, Philemon, and ran away, making his way to Rome and to Paul. Onesimus was still the property of Philemon, and Paul wrote to smooth the way for his return to his master. Through Pauls witnessing to him, Onesimus had become a Christian (Philemon 10) and Paul wanted Philemon to accept Onesimus as a brother in Christ and not merely as a slave.MESSAGEPaul had warned slave owners that they had a responsibility towards their slaves and showed slaves as responsible moral beings who were to fear God. In Philemon, Paul did not condemn slaveholding, but he presented Onesimus as a Christian brother instead of a slave. When an owner can refer to a slave as a brother, the slave has reached a position in which the legal title of slave is meaningless.The early church did not attack slavery directly but it laid the foundation for a new relationship between owner and slave. Paul attempted to unite both Philemon and Onesimus with Christian love so that emancipation would become necessary. Only after exposure to the light of the gospel could the institution of slavery die.

North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Program

atomic number 7 Koreas thermo thermo thermo atomic Weapons Program northeastward Korea has been in the forefront of the news as of late due in part to their nuclear Weapons chopine. Their efforts to dumbfound nuclear weapons has been an ongoing concern worldwide for some time now and tensions increased internationally after they conducted multiple tests in the recent years. What is conglutination Koreas real targetions in regard to their nuclear weapons class? In order for us to better understand northeast Koreas intentions, it is important to take a look at the timeline of their nuclear weapons political syllabuss progression and the negotiations known as the sextette party negotiation from this one can see that their intentions are based dour of their financial hardships and famine. sum Koreas attempt toward the encyclopedism of nuclear technology dates back as early as 1959. It was at this time that they signed a nuclear cooperation balance with the Soviet Union. T his arranging was aimed at the development of nuclear energy technology and by 1983 the wedlock Korean nuclear weapons program had been started (Ahn Web). In 1968, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NTP) was drafted by the USSR and the get together States and submitted for unify soils members to sign (Clemens Jr. Web). During the late 1980s North Korea had developed a state of stinting decline. This was due in part to the Soviet Unions economic and political changes, in which they had stop providing financial instigate to North Korea (Ahn Web). Do to this economic hardship North Korea decided to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1985 (North Korea Nuclear Timeline Web). However, between 1989 and 1991, it had become suspect that North Korea had been pursuing nuclear activities by extracting plutonium from its research reactor at Yongbyon. These suspected activities led to the first North Korean nuclear crisis which lasted from 19931994 (Ahn Web). The Internat ional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was sent in to investigate what was believed to be unregistered nuclear waste dumping facilities, but North Korea was not cooperative with that request. However, when the West hold to suffice North Korea through economic aid and the lifting of economic sanctions it seemed that the crisis had come to an end (Ahn Web). Just another congresswoman of how North Korea intentions stem a troll the economic hardships that the coun act faces. In 1994, North Korea and the United States had come to an arrangement that North Korea would freeze and eventually point its old nuclear reactors. In exchange, they would be provided international aid to build two new light-water nuclear reactors (North Korea Nuclear Timeline Web). North Korea was in dire need of the spacious economic aid that the West would provide. During the 1990s North Koreas economic recession continued its downwardly spiral. By May of 1994, famine had become wide spread throughout the countr y. Many believed that the nuclear program was a tool used by North Koreas leader to divert the publics focus away from the economic problems and famine and refocus it on the United States and the IAEA (Ahn Web). This way the North Korean leader could point the blame for the hardships of the people toward one enemy and away from himself. InJanuary of 2003, North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT) (North Korea Nuclear Timeline Web). This withdrawal is what lead tonegotiations that are known as the Six fellowship Talk. These talks involved sixstates, the United States, North Korea, China, South Korea, Japan and Russia.The purpose of these talks was to try to persuade North Korea to dismantle itsnuclear capabilities. It was believed that with the right amount of pressureand incentives that North Korea would cease their nuclear proliferationendeavors and be convert to dismantle its nuclear capabilities (Habib Web). North Korea was continuing to have economici ssues and their primary intent seemed to steam a expatiate the need for economic aid.These negotiations would take place from 2003 until 2009 and were comprised ofsix rounds of talks. In the first round of talks which occurred in August 2003,North Korea called for calibration of relations. They wanted a non-aggressionpact from the United States other than they would not dismantle their nuclearprogram. However, the United States declined this request (Liang Web). When thesecond rounds of talks began in February 2004, they appeared to be send off to agood start. North Korea put a deal on the tale to destroy its nuclear weaponsprogram if they could continue to develop peaceful nuclear energy programs.This was an agreeable compromise for China and Russia. However, the UnitedStates, Japan, and South Korea were not in agreement. They did not want NorthKorea to have access to nuclear capabilities (Liang Web). expression back on NorthKoreas past it is understandable that this would be a concern, because theyhave not kept deals that they had make in the past. For instance, when they hadsigned the nonproliferation treaty then secretly continued to employ nuclear weaponsdevelopment. In the third round of talks, in June of 2004, the United States steppedup with a proposal. In this proposal, they called for North Koreas todismantle its nuclear program. It stated that North Korea would be given athree calendar month period to prepare to freeze its program, after which they would berequired to provide record of activities proving that activities had stoppedand that the program had been dismantled (Liang Web). This proposal did not goanywhere.Thefourth round of talks did not get off to a good start. The United StatesPresidential election put negotiations on hold for a objet dart followed by NorthKorea state that they were now in possession of nuclear weapons. North Koreathen declared that they were no longer interested in continuing the six partytalks. But, they would e ventually be convinced to return to negotiations whenthe US agreed to recognized them as a sovereign state. The turning point forNorth Korea to rejoin the talks would be when the US stated that they did nothave any intentions of invading North Korea (Liang Web). On September 19, 2005,there appeared to be headway on the negotiations front with North Koreasagreement to abandon their quest for nuclear weapons program and allow the IAEAback in for inspections in exchange for the normalization of relations with theUS and Japan as well as economic aid (Bajoria Web). Again, we see that economicaid has made its appearance once again. However, North Korea wanted to continuetheir nuclear energy program. They agreed to rejoin the NPT, as well as to allowinspections from the IAEA (Liang Web). Bythe time the fifth rounds of talks began, in November of 2005, tensions werehigh and the climate of negotiations had deteriorated. The US had placed sanctionsagainst North Korea and the froze the assets the state held in the Banco DeltaAsia of Macau (Liang Web). North Korea had again boycotted the six party talks.They decided to do a show of power in an attempt to send a to the US tounfreeze North Koreas assets. This is when North Korea begun to conductingmissile and nuclear testing (Habib Web). The United Nation passed resolution1718 in October of 2006 on North Korea calling for an immediate stop to theirtesting and the nuclear program to be abandoned. They urged North Korea toreturn to the six party talks. Talks resumed in February 2007 and thereappeared to be an agreement amongst the six parties. North Korea woulddismantle its nuclear program and the Us and Japan would to work towardnormalization with North Korea. The agreement included the that all partieswould work toward providing north Korea with the acquisition of heavy fuel(Liang Web).Thesixth round of talks did not start off well. The US had not released the fundsin the Banco Delta Asia of Macau and the North Korean deleg ate walked out ofnegotiations. Although talks would continue in September and October of 2007after the IAEA confirmed that the nuclear installment at Yongbyon and the partiescontinued their talks about supplying heavy oil (Liang Web). Just as talks werelooking like there was progress they began to falter yet again. North Korea wasnot happy with samples world collected at their Yongbyon facility and claimed thatno such agreement had been made. In April 2009, North Korea test launched amodified Taepo Dong-2 three-stage rocket. An obvious disregard to theagreements made in other rounds of talks. On April 14th 2009, NorthKorea announced that they would no longer be part of the six party talks andthat any agreement that had been made in previous talks were null and void.Many have called for the talks to continue, but to no advantage (Liang Web). on that pointseems to be a stalemate at this time. We can see that North Korea has nointentions to dismantle their Nuclear weapons program a ny time soon. For themit is their bargaining chip. The use of fear of attack as a means of gettingwhat they want, what they need. Itis apparent that North Korea has been in search of Nuclear technology for manyyears. Their motives crapper this search come to light when one takes a look atthe history behind it. A deeper look into time line of North Koreas nuclearweapons and the event that occurred during the six party talks, shows thatNorth Koreas declining economic situation has been a key player in their questfor nuclear weapons capabilities. There desperate need for economic aid has ledthem toward a road where they believe the fear of a nuclear attack is the onlyway for them to obtain the much needed assistance that they need.WorksCitedAhn, Mun Suk. WhatIs the sink Cause of the North Korean Nuclear Program?. Asian AffairsAn American Review, vol. 38, no. 4, Oct. 2011, pp. 175-187. EBSCOhost,inside10.1080/00927678.2011.604287.Bajoria,Jayshree, and Beina Xu. The Six Party Talks on North Koreas Nuclear Program.Council on extraneous Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, 30 Sept.2013, www.cfr.org/backgrounder/six-party-talks-north-koreas-nuclear-program.Habib, Benjamin.North Koreas Nuclear Weapons Programme and the Maintenance of the SongunSystem. Pacific Review, vol. 24, no. 1, Mar. 2011, pp. 43-64.EBSCOhost, doi10.1080/09512748.2011.554992.Clemens Jr., Walter C.North Koreas hobby for Nuclear Weapons New Historical Evidence. Journalof East Asian Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan-Apr2010, pp. 127-154. EBSCOhost,ccco.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true(p)&db=a9h&AN=48647386&site=ehost-live&scope=site.North Korea Nuclear TimelineFast Facts. CNN, Cable News Network, 4 Sept. 2017,www.cnn.com/2013/10/29/world/asia/north-korea-nuclear-timelinefast-facts/index.html.Liang, Xiaodon. FactSheets & Briefs. The Six-Party Talks at a Glance, Arms Control Association,18 July 2017, www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/6partytalks.

Investigating The Importance Of WAN Technologies Information Technology Essay

examine The Importance Of WAN Technologies In doion Technology EssayWide country lucre is very(prenominal) strategic to the global to do their work easily instantaneously days every(prenominal) companies trying to develop their profession either all over the world wide realm communicate helps them to unite their earnings together .the companies privation to radiation diagram the lucre according to their motifs and purpose beca using up varied suit of vanes atomic number 18 obtainable for variant purpose. According to this project the company lucre placed in disparate countries from each mavinness mesh generate different application programDifferent instance of architecture models is unattached to design earnings integrity is couple to peer model and some other one is customer/ emcee model most of the interlocking knowing by victimization leaf node/server model. peer to peer model is connect twain or much computers connected through intercommunicate this model is unsafe because it is difficult to put through security measure policies .different net income topologies be available to design mesh topology so we have to consider these topologies when design a interlock. usually every companies utilise wizardry analysis situs to design their meshwork because this topology have more advantage when compargon with other topologies various computer ironware components need to design a mesh much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as switches, r outs, firewalls, server, connecterectBy using Ethernet technologies and other network technologies several local arena network (local country network) is stimulated in different countries indeed each subnet LAN was connected together via automated teller machine cloud to make WAN (wide area network)In this project company network model was designed in opnet modeller to investigate the performance of a network looking at WAN technologies with varying traffic l oads there are different grammatical case of connecter employ to implement the traffic load the network was designed up to getting the final resultLITERATURE REVIEWComputer networkComputer network is more than one computers or separate of computers and network devices are connected together for the purpose sha stria in set upion, wedge cabinet and entropy amid each computer. Different geek of devices need to design a computer network much(prenominal) as switches, hubs, routers, different concern, firewall, server and work station Protocols are use to do sharing in dression, files, entropys over the network there are two infection engineering science available in computer network one is broadcast and another is forecast to stay union.Computer network class according to network architecture (peer to peer model, client/server mode), network topology (star topology, ring topology, bus topology and go network topology).computer network it is classified as individua lal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN),metropolitan area network( human diverseness),wide area network(WAN),global area network(GAN)Computer network is very useful to the public because it has many applications such(prenominal)(prenominal) as access to remote information by using this application any one bottom do their work from anywhere in the world( ticket reservation ,shopping), parley amidst one to another through email, videoconferencing. Business applicationDifferent type of computer networkLocal area network (LAN)Local area network (LAN) is less number or group of computers and related devices such as printer, s stinkpotner etc that share a common communication line.lan is considered within a small geographical area such as a home, office building here LAN is designed by using Ethernet technology such as Ethernet wires, Ethernet switches and adapters.Local area network (LAN) performance features are dep baring on size of it of the network, network topologies and transmittance system technology. Advantage of LAN is cover small geographical area so infection time is limited. Different type of topologies is support to take a shit broadcast LAN network such as bus and ring based topologies. FIDD is used in the LAN for connect token ring. IEEE 802.11standad indicates the local area network technologies. Andrew sMetropolitan area network (MAN)Metropolitan area network (MAN) is developed version of LAN and this network also using same technologies as LAN, compare with LAN it cover large area (company offices and city).this network controling junction direct and dates.MAN network apprehend few melodys it dont have any shifting elements, by using network technologies such as gritstone technology, routers and switches it connect several LAN networks.DQDB (distributed line up dual bus) is MAN network standard by using this standard we can expand the network up to 30km and speeds of 34 to 155 Mbit/sWide area network (WAN)Wide area netw ork (WAN) comparatively covers wide geographical (country or continent) area and connecting number of local area network, local area network connected to a WAN through the public net work such as network.WAN network can use is satellite dodge, WAN routers contain antenna by using antenna it can make info infection. sliping device and transmission link are two crystalize mechanism of subnet in the WAN network. Different type of transmission link are available to carry the signals and data transmission from one system to another system over the WAN network such as perverse pair tune, coaxial assembly line and fiber optic cables length. WAN is a collecting of LAN, these LANs are connected via switching device router so each LAN must contain at least one router to interconnect. WAN network use backbone technology. spheric area network (GAN)Global area network (GAN) is collection of different network such as WAN or MAN it covers the very large geographical area (unlimited area) . Worldwide individual business companies use GAN network for their process. net income architecture modelClient-server network modelClient- server model is very useful and popular network model in the network architecture client and server devices are designed for the particular purpose in the computer network client server model primarily used in internet as well as local area network. Personal computers are client device in the network it is installed with required network parcel database and files are stored in the server devices, server devices contain more memory, bigger disk drive than client devicesThe client server model client makes a crave to server and server receives client request and response to their client request. Advantage of client-server model is centralised network model it means all substance ab users in the network are connected to a central server. of import server contains all user information and communication information. Configuration of data backup, security policies are light in this modelPeer to peer network modelPeer to peer network is suitable for a small network in this model more than one computer or group of computers are connected through the network .peer nodes sharing their documents, audio, video file and datas in digital format a and also they sharing their re reservoir without a dedicated server all connected peers cultivate as either client or server. One system acts as server for one operation while simultaneously act as client for another operation in this model every client act as server and server act as client. It is complicated to apply security policies and access policies to the network because peer to peer network is a small contain few computers. recover permission and rights of users set individuality in peer to peer network. This model do not engage centralized network model so it dont have any user information or communication informationNETWORK TOPOLOGIESDifferent network topologies are availa ble in computer networking they are star topology, bus topology, ring topology, tree topology and mesh topology these topologies help to design an excellent network. when design a network designer should have to choose which topology is suitable for the particular networkdoughnut topologyRing topology is used to connect network devices in ring shape when these devices in ring shape each device has two neighbour devices for their gist transaction this sum transaction between neighbour only one direction. Ring topology use token passing system to their kernel transmission and access control. principal(prenominal) drawback of this method is any device plumps in network ring that cause entire network transmission become failure this kind of network can make love and implement easily and it normally uses in office, school network different technologies are available to implement ring topology such as token ring and FDDIStar topologyMost of the network use star topology because impl ementation and maintains of this network is easily this kind of networks use decimal point to point connection between devices and central hub main advantage of star topology is any connection fail between device and hub that affect only particular device. This network devices use twisted pair Ethernet cable to connect with central device hubBus topologyBus topology mainly used in LAN networks because these kinds of topology suitable for limited number of device bus topology use backbone to connect all devices together backbone post as connect different part of network and offering path to message transmission between network. Implementation of this topology is easy and inexpensive. It is possible to message transmission in both directions, to avoid message bouncing use termination at both end of the bus cable there is no need more cabling to connect devices. Main detriment of this topology is if backbone cable fails that affect whole networkTree topologyTree topology combines mu ltiple several star topologies together into a bus by using point to point connection hub devices linked to the tree bus to develop network scalability bus/star topology in a hybrid approach. Implementation of this topology is very difficult, if backbone cable file whole network become failure advantage of this topology is each parts connected by point to point link and it supported by a number of hardware and software vendor.Network componentsHardware and software components need to create a network there are different type of hardware components available in the network each of them configured for different aim. Usually a network contains many components such as switch, router, server, firewall, hub, work stationest.RouterRouter is one of the important devices in the network it is used to connect more than one network together such as two WANs or two LANs and it allow data transmission between the networks. Routers having routing tables it contain information about network device s that uses to find the savoir-faire place of the network. Routers work at trance and network mold of the OSI name and address model. Routers maintain traffic control in the network.SwitchSwitch is one of the hardware devices in the network it is used to connect network device such as server, workstation and printers together with in a local area network .switches work at the data link spirit take of the OSI origin model. Switches have a facility to check whether that the data received or not, delivering the messages to make better destination and also identifying that the particular data was expatriationred from which device (source) to other device (destination).different type of Ethernet switches are available but in this network i have used Ethernet 16 port switches to connect network devices.ServerIn the client/server networking model a server receive requests from client in the same network or other network and response client request. There are different types of ser ver with their related configuration. In this network i have used many servers such as database server, Email server, VoIP server, HTTP server, FTP server, file server, printer server and backup server.FirewallMain task of the firewall is preventing unprivileged user from accessing the network. There is different type of firewalls such as sheaf filter firewall, application gateway and procurator server each of them doing different job in the network .firewall implemented in some hardware devices. In this project i have used firewall router in a simulation.Open system interconnectedness (OSI) modelOSI generator model is clearly defined how messages transmitted from source to destination in the networking. OSI prime(a) model contain seven points such as application level, intromission tier, sitting stage, Trans port spirit level, network spirit level, data link layer and presentation layer. This model describes structure of a network for applying communications communicat ions communications protocol on seven layers. Every layers doing different function. This model spited into tow part such as upper layers and light layers. Upper layers associated with software and lower layers associated with hardware.Application layerApplication layer is highest layer of OSI reference model. Main function of this layer is inter font for users to relate with application and identifying end user, verify resource availability. By using application users can access information at application layer. Application layer providing some go such as file impart, electronic mail and software function. Many Protocols are implemented in this layer such as file conveyancing protocol (FTP), hyper text enthrall protocol (HTTP), honest mail transfer protocol (SMTP) and telnet.Presentation layerPresentation layer is sixth layer of the OSI reference model this layer receives all messages from application and sends those messages to session layer. Main function of this layer is converting the format of receiving and displace data format and also many functions are undertaking by this layer such as data compression, encryption, decryption, protocol conversation and encodes message for email transaction. Presentation layer providing some helps such as simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), telnet and file transfer protocol (FTP). At this layer data transmission starts with syntax and semantics format.Session layerFifth layer of the OSI reference model is session layer it provides function to communicate between two nodes in the network this layer create, maintain and interference connection between the node and few protocols are implemented they are data link protocol (DLP), apple talk session protocol (ASP) and printer access control protocol (PAP) these protocols are mainly uses to multimedia system messages.Transport layerData link layerData link layer is entropy layer of the OSI reference model the use of this layer is control and arranges all move messages from software to network link. This layer makes some network setting such as data format setting, time setting and wire setting. it gives many services such as keep all messages are correct format when they transmit, maintain flow control when messages transmit over the link ,detecting hallucination in physical layer and encoding messages for secure transaction.Physical layerPhysical layer is lowest layer of the OSI reference model. This layer receives all messages from data link layer in the format of bits and converts into signal (electrical or electromagnetic signal).messages are sending to physical media via switches and wirestransmission control protocol/IP modelTCP/IP model contain quaternity network layers such as application layer, transport layer, internet layer and network inter face layer. TCP/IP model and OSI reference models are providing similar services.TCP/IP model contain network communication protocol used to for different type data transmission betwee n different networks. simplex mail transfer protocol (SMTP), used to Email transaction, file transfer protocol (FTP) used to file transaction etc. This model defines how particular protocols are implemented in a computer for data transmission over the network. End to end connectivity of the TCP/IP model define how datas received, routed and formatted at end nodes.TCP/IP application layerApplication layer is higher level protocol of TCP/IP model this layer match to OSI reference model of session layer, application layer and presentation layer. This layer gives different services to user such as file transfer, email ect. Application layer contain many protocol such as simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), file transfer protocol (FTP) and telnet. All datas are coded in this layer then these datas encapsulated into transport layer. Lower level layers of TCP/IP model treat by application layer.Transport layerTransport layer is third layer of TCP/IP model. This layer providing services t hese services are managed by the user datagram protocol (UDP) and transmission control protocol (TCP).TCP is connection oriented and reliable transmission protocol. participation oriented it means source (sender) set up connection with destination (receiver) node ahead the sending data. Error detection, demerit correction retransmission of datas is possible in TCP.UDP is connection less and unreliable transmission. Error detection, error correction retransmission of datas is impossible in UDP it is suitable for audio and video transmission.Internet layerInternet layer is second layer of TCP/IP model this model used to transfer the message from source computer to destination computer. Internet protocol (IP) is main protocol of this layer. This protocol providing many services such as routing packets between source and destination. Internet protocols receive messages from network interface layer in the format of bit then make it into packets. Network interface layer is lowest layer of the TCP/IP model main function of this layer is by using protocol it create a connection to physical medium, error detection and packet framing are possible in this layer. This layer contain local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN) technologies such as token ring,X.25,ehhernet and environ relay. This layer responsible for physical devices such as wire, cables, network interface card and satellite links.asynchronous transfer mode ( air)Asynchronous transfer mode ( atmospheric state) contains three layers such as ATM adaption layer, ATM layer and physical layer. This model providing different type of function it used to transfer all type datas such as audio, video and text messages. Same time we can use ATM technology in different network (LAN. MAN and WAN).ATM model contain focus, hyphenated and handshaking protocol, quality of services and flow control facilities. Hyphenated protocol is connection oriented cell switched and point to point.ATM use different type of technologies to data transmission. Fixed -length cells model used to transfer variable frames this model use 48 bytes for data, 5bytes for overhead.ATM adaption layerATM adaption layer is third layer of this model this model composed application layer, transport layer and session layer of OSI reference mode. There are two different types of layers in ATM adaption layer such as intersection point sub layer and segmentation and reassembly sub layer. It is classified into five types of class for providing different type of services. According to this class of services Convergence sub layer receive messages from high level layer, identify the received message format, type finally arrange all messages for sending out.ATM layerATM layer is second layer of this model this layer providing link between ATM adaption layer and physical layer to transmit cells between those two layers and also create virtual link, doing multiplex and de-multiplex of cells, creating cell header.ATM physical lay erATM physical layer is rootage layer of this model the main function of this layer is encapsulate all incoming cells in a proper format before transmit bit to the physical medium. Physical layer divided into two sub layers such as transmission convergence sub layer and physical medium hooklike sub layer these sub layers are doing different function such as transmission convergence sub layer doing error correction, framing and de-framing of cells and physical medium dependent sub layer set apart bit time and coding for the physical medium.ProtocolsProtocol is a set of rules it is used to transfer the message between one ends to another end. OSI reference model is clearly defined how messages transmitted from source to destination in the networking. This reference model contain seven layers each layers must contain one or more protocol for their message transmission.Internet protocol (IP)Main function of internet protocol (IP) is transmits message between one end to another end. W hen sends the messages via this protocol message divided into many parts each part contain IP address if end system and this small segment send different slipway receiver receive this segment in different order. This protocol implemented in network layer of OSI reference model and internet layer of TCP/IP model so internet protocol (IP) support data transmission to upper level layers in OSI and TCP/IP reference model. This protocol is connection less protocol and we cant make sure about delivery of message. today days two different version of internet protocols (IP) are available in the networking such as internet protocol version4 (IPV4) and internet protocol version6 (IPV6). transmitting control protocol (TCP)Transmission control protocol (TCP) applied in transport layer of OSI reference model and host to host transport layer of TCP/IP model for message transmission. This protocol is a connection oriented and reliable transmission protocol. Connection oriented it means source (s ender) set up connection with destination (receiver) node before the sending data. Error detection, error correction retransmission of datas is possible in TCP. Message transmission via this protocol is very slow because of overhead (20bytes) for error correction/detection and acknowledgement. There are two types of buffers such as sending and receiving buffers these buffers are used to storage, flow control, error detection and correction. Same time messages can be transfer both direction in TCP it provides full duplex transaction and also multiplexing and de-multiplexing are possible in TCP. Behrouz A.User datagram protocol (UDP)User datagram protocol (UDP) installed in transport layer of OSI reference model and host to host transport layer of TCP/IP model for message transmission between the layers. This protocol is a connection less and unreliable transmission protocol. Message transmission via UDP is very fast because there is small header (8bytes).this protocol containing many drawbacks such as no error control and no flow control. Receiver cant identify whether this message is original or extra when message transfer via UDP. Encapulation and decapitation of messages are possible in UDP when messages transfer from source to destination. Behrouz A.Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP)Main function of hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) is access data from internet (www).this protocol is applied in application layer of OSI and TCP/IP reference model. It is describe the message transmission over the network from client to server and data format. This protocol use TCP for data transmission between client and server in this model the client first send request to server then server send response message to client. There is no secure message transmission because HTTP does not provide security HTTP provide security when it run over the secure socket layer This protocol messages can only understand by HTTP client and server. Behrouz A.File transfer protocol (FTP)F ile transfer protocol (FTP) is applied in application layer in TCP/IP model. Main function of this protocol is transferring datas from source to destination (client to server or server to client) in easy way.FTP protocol create two link between source and destination one is for message transmission other link for replay.FTP use three commands such as RETR command function of this command is copying files, STOR command function of this command is store the files and LIST command this is for list the files.FTP use different transmission mode to transfer the files such as compressed mode, stream mode and block mode .through the FTP protocol we can send text files, images and ASCII files.FTP use two different TCP port, port 20 is used transfer datas or files between client and server and port 21 is used to control transmission between them. Behrouz A.Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) is installed in application layer in TCP/IP reference model. Func tion of this protocol is transferring the email messages between client and server and also it contains some commands these commands are used to transfer the datas between client and server. Some other protocols are support to email transmission with SMTP such as post office protocol (POP3) and internet mail access protocol (IMAP4) Behrouz A.Simple network management protocol (SNMP)Simple network management protocol (SNMP) is applied in application layer of TCP/IP reference model this type of protocol is used to manage the network for providing better network performance by regular examination system, protect the network from unwanted user by monitoring system. SNMP protocol defines the transaction between the tutor and agent. SNMP manager verify the agent details by sending requesting message to agent. SNMP identify the packets exchange between manager and agent Behrouz A.Network transmission mediaA transmission media is necessary to transfer a signal form source to destination in the networking system. Signals are transfer via Guided and unguided transmission media now a days different type of guided transmission media support to carry the signal such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable. Unguided transmission media it is communicate wave, micro wave and infraredTwisted pair cableTwisted pair cable is one of the guided transmission media to carry the signal over the network. Analogy and digital signal can be carried by this cable. This cable contains two shield copper wire then these wires are sick together. This type of cables used in telecommunication system. Twisted pair cable not suitable for long expanse, repeaters is ask to use long distance, for small area it will work without amplification. Compare to other cables this type of cable is inexpensive. Two types of twisted pair cables are available one is unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP) another one is shield twisted pair cable (STP). Andrew sCoaxial cableCompare to twisted pa ir cable it is better shield cable it is suitable for carry the signal to long distance. This kind of cables used to carry the high frequency signals and broad band signals as well as this cable carries analogy and digital signal but using different cable. Coaxial cables providing functions in several ways one is baseband it use total bandwidth to carry the signals, another one is broad band it divide the bandwidth with signals. summation core it is made by hard copper wire, this core is bounded by inner dielectric insulator, copper screen and plastic sheath. Andrew s, MichaelFiber optics cableFiber optic cables transfer the signal in the form of light beam. This type of cable is used to connect different cities and countries such as mobilize connection because these cables are suitable for long distance. Two different types of fibre optic cables are available such as single mode fibber optic cable and multimode fiber optic cable and this cables contain two part such as inner cla ss cylindrical core and outer class cladding Compare with other cables it has many advantage such as it can be used to long distance, signal transmission is very fast and loss of signal is very low. disfavor of this cable it is very expensive. MichaelQuality of servicesQuality of services (QOS) contains many network technologies to develop a network. Quality of services gives expected result to the network and quality of services develop and determine data transfer, mark, and error rate and loss of cell in the network. It is very use full apply the quality of services to VOIP and video but implementation of quality if services to network is very difficult.Quality of service measureType of DelayDifferent type of watch are occur in the network during the data transmission from one system to another system they are processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay and propagation delay.Processing delayA data(1 bit) transmission time between the end systems (source to destination) it is called processing delay this delay may occur for the following reaction such as error datas transmitting from one system to router, network architecture, switching mode and also it include in configuration of network devices reference delayA data (1 bit) of transmission between the source and destination it is called propagation delay. This delay depends on distance between routers and propagation speed it depends on the transmission media propagation delay calculated by dividing the distance by propagation speedPropagation delay= Behrouz AQueuing delayDatas or packets waiting in queue at intermediate device (router) for their transaction, when the network is busy router cant rout all the packet at same time it process these packet one by one so packets need to wait this waiting time is called queuing delay.Transmission delayTransmission delay is amount of time is essential to transfer one bit of data via transmission media. Transmission delay depends on bandwidth and size of the data.Transmission time= Behrouz AJitterVoice over internet protocol (VOIP)Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is used to communication purpose it means one person can transfer his information to another person through telephone call, character and fax over the IP based network. To reduce the bandwidth waste VOIP use packet- switching method to telephone calls. Normally more bandwidth is needed to voice transmission but voice data is compressed to small for the transaction so it require small bandwidth. Main advantage of VOIP is cut down the cost of long distance calls, when compare with ordinary phone call for this reason every brass instrument applying VOIP in their networks.IP telephone is used in the VOIP network because IP telephone designed with coder/decoder for convert the voice signal from analogy to digital signal and digital to analogy signal. Softwares and hardware components are helps to connect the phone with network. Different protocols are implemented in the VOIP network for support voice transaction such as RTP(real time transport protocol) it support the delay of audio, H.323 protocol used to multimedia transmission, H.235 protocol used to data encryption. ) MichaelList of books1) MichaelMICHAEL A, WILLIAM M Networking explained, second editionISBN 1-55558-252-42) Behrouz A.Behrouz A. Frozen, TCP/IP protocol Suite Fourth EditionISBN 978-0-07-016678-33) Andrew sAndrew S.Tanenbaum, computer networks fourth editionISBN 0-13-038488-74) James FJames F.Kurose, Keith W.ROSE Computer networking, fourth edition, a top down approachISBN -13978-0-321-51325-0ISBN -100-321-51325-85) Behrouz ABehrouz A.Forouzan, data communication and networking, fourth editionISBN 007-125442-0List of Internet and

Carlos Ghosns Turnaround Of Nissan Management Essay

Carlos Ghosns Turnaround Of Nissan Management EssayThis case evaluation will address how Carlos Ghosn litigated his turnabout time of Nissan, after he was establish COO of Nissan in 1999. Nissan was facing ongoing spillagees and a walk debt, threatening to close down the beau monde. As a result of a strategic alliance between French Renault and Nipp whizse Nissan, Executive VP of go on RD in Renault, Carlos Ghosn, was asked by Nissan CEO Hanawa to be contract the COO of Nissan, in order of magnitude to turn Nissan around. In March 1999, Ghosn began his work at Nissan and Ghosn said that he would turn Nissan around deep down deuce years, or resign as COO. Although Ghosn has a rather remark competent global career, this was his first experience with a Nipp wholenessse giving medication.HypothesisCarlos Ghosn succeeded in routine Nissan around through successive metamorphose, where he had mea conform tod to secure buy-in and ownership in order to descend ram start up to alternate as soundly as addressing national and organisational cultural challenges.ApproachTo evaluate on the case and prove my supposition, I will first look at impedance to change as a concept and then see if resistance to change in Nissan was inevitable and exemplify any underlying ca enjoyments of resistance. Second, I will go everywhere the organizational agriculture within Nissan to assess how different split felt about Ghosn and the reasons why, I will withal assess if Ghosn was able to enlist reliever within Nissan. Third, I will also acknowledge how the Japanese national culture was a great part of the organizational culture, to evaluate how pronounced the cultural differences make believe been between Ghosn and the Nissan organization and if culture was a helper or a hindrance. Fourth, I will annotate on Ghosns clock of the turn around, to assess if this would have been possible to discover a some years earlier. Exam concession in CM J41 Strategy proc eeding By Rune Sixtus Bruhn kiss of life 061082 1987 3 electrical resistance to changeThe concept of resistance to change has many behaviors of organism perceived. crossing Ford 20091 plead that resistance is a form of feedback and that change agents should approach and include input from resisting employees, rather than pointing fingers and telling resisters to comply, no sluicet if the resisting employee agrees or not. Dent and Goldberg 19992 argues that people do not resist to change as such, provided that they resist to some of the effects of change, be it loss of pay, loss of status or loss of privileges. Dent and Goldberg draw on the findings of Kotter who noted that employees a great deal understand the pertly vision and wish to fit it, hardly the employees point out obstacles that might hinder the execution and that it is sometimes seen as resistance, rather than constructive input for the organization. thusly I argue that resistance will most likely always occ ur, scarce it is how it is being handled that will determine if resistance to change in the end was unprofitable resistance or improving input.1 From decode Resistance to Change, Jeffrey D. Ford and Laurie W. Ford, Harvard Business Review, 20092 Challenging Resistance to Change, Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg, ledger of use Behavioural Science, 19993 Page 29-30, Challenging Resistance to Change, Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg, journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 1999Referring to the three stages of unfreezing, disturbance and refreezing by Lewin3, Ghosn approached Nissan by chop-chop unfreezing the organization by imposing cross functional teams who had 2 months to come up with ideas on how to optimize the organization, then Ghosn disturbed the organization by implementing the suggested changes and after 18 months he refroze the organization, cementing the new changes, although striving towards optimizing the organization fifty-fifty more. The main pa radigm shifts in Nissan happened in this three-step sequence. The result of the disturbance which the execution of instrument of the cost reducing initiatives had led to, in damage of job cuts and sales of Nissans Keiretsu partners/suppliers, resulted in resistance from the employees as well as external resistance from the Japanese organisation and industry analysts.The underlying causes in relation to this resistance was that Japanese business culture had a principle of employing people for life-time as well as the Keiretsu partnership has been a cornerstone in the booming Japanese economy since after the Second World War. Thus I argue that resistance was inevitable when Ghosn was affecting areas laid-backly think to culture and norms. However, to some degree, Ghosn managed to avoid resistance, by ensuring wariness involvement. He did so by creating nine cross functional teams (CFTs), where managers from across the Nissan organization were handpicked by Ghosn to come up with suggestions on how to optimize Nissan. Being heard elicit in itself fabricate people buy-in on the Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 4planned change. Resistance is not a bad thing per se, if handled correctly. It is often the engaged employee who is questioning change. Thus, the leader should listen to the employees, even if the resistance seems to be annoyance, the input from the employees can entail crucial details which the leader or management might not have been aware of. Ghosn has in my imprint understood this truly well, and thus introduced the CFTs.Organizational culture in a Japanese organizationNissans management during the 1990s had a focus on short-term market share growth instead of a long-run strategy of securing a profit. After having suffered losses seven out of the knightly eight years, it was clear that this approach by the management had not been ample for the fraternity to ensure its survival and deve lopment. Change was surely unavoidable in 1999 when Ghosn was appointed COO. Ghosn was quick to enter into changing the organization, also in terms of how management was creating decisions, as well as how managers were promoted. In relation to how Ghosn approached the decision-making processes, Ghosn was aware that the organizational culture of Nissan was typically Japanese. Decision-making processes were slow, due to the murashakai consensus seeking society that has been prevailing in Japan. This had to be changed, otherwise, Ghosn would not have succeeded within the short deadline he had set for himself to turn Nissan around. As a result, Ghosn changed the decision making processes in Nissan by introducing his CFTs, were the CTFs should meet over a short period of time and come up with suggestions and then Ghosn would decide on which suggestions to proceed with. In addition, Ghosn also introduced a change in how people could achieve promotion and even demotion.The typical way t o achieve promotion in Nissan, as well as in the rest of Japan, had been by working at a place for a long time and having a high educational level. After Ghosns changes, other itemors were equally or even more important to achieve promotion. One example was when a woman notwithstanding(prenominal) holding a high school diploma was promoted to being a manager due to her merits as a keen problem problem solver and steady worker. She would normally not have been promoted if someone with a higher(prenominal) educational level were to be found in her department, even if the somebody with a higher education was not performing as well as her.I firmly believe that this has resulted in disgruntled employees, who has been in Nissan for years and years and were waiting for their turn to get promoted, solely ground on their seniority, as is it was customary in Nissan and the rest of Japan. But even though Ghosn might have pushed some employees away by allowing this new way of promotion, he also won popularity and clog among the employees who might not have been able to get a promotion earlier. What is highly important to note in this context, is that although parting the waters in Nissan, Ghosn made sure that productivity and creativity was a way to get promoted Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 5and channeled people with these resources to lead his turn around towards achieving the Nissan Revival Plan. In other words, this played a key part in carrying out his strategy, as without assuring the good resources, here in the shape of full-bodied and creative employees, Nissan would not change in the pace Ghosn needed Nissan to change. net from this, I will say that Ghosn was successful in enlisting behave from the different parts of the Nissan organization. Firstly, Ghosn skillfully made handpicked managers across the organization to buy-in on the proposed changes, as the managers themselves develop these. Secondly, Ghosn made sure that the people, who he thought had the right attitude, who were working hard and creatively, could be promoted and therefore they would appreciate his changes.However, Ghosn did not receive the support from ein truthone. On the contrary, I would expect resistance from people who were expecting promotions to happen, unspoilt because of seniority. I would argue that when Ghosn could not persuade everyone in the organization to support him, Ghosn explicitly coerced the organization. One example was when Nissan had to lay off people, Ghosn kept referring to the fact that another big Japanese company, Yamaichi, was not bailed out by the brass and that if Nissan did not put all their effort into turning Nissan around, Nissan would face the aforesaid(prenominal) dire consequences. One part the organization was however always in favor of Ghosn, the CEO Hanawa, who had requested Ghosn in person. I believe that the support of a Japanese superior has helped Ghosn in many o f the situations, keeping the beaten(prenominal) power relations, the so-called Nemawashi, in mind. Thus Ghosn could actually benefit from Japanese culture for once, where as it has been a hindrance many other times.The issues within Nissan were mainly connected to the ecumenical culture in Japan as stated above. However, Nissan also had issues, which were rather unusual for Japanese companies. These were present ahead Ghosn entered the company. Here I am referring to the problems of poor follow up on implementation once decisions were made, the former top managements tunnel vision towards retrieve market shares instead of focusing on the profit margin and general communication problems between the layers of the organization. This had led to managers not taking responsibility but rather pointing fingers at others to do the job at hand. Ghosn attacked these issues head on, by creating the CFTs. Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 6 The cross functional aspect aware that every level of the organization had a voice but also furthered the transparency process within Nissan, one of Ghosns three management principles4. The dickens others are4 The Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan John P. Millikin, Thunderbird, 2003 Execution is 95 percent of the job, strategy is only 5 percent. Communication of company direction and priorities as the only way to get truly unite effort and buy-in.Furthermore I recognize that Ghosns demands towards management increased highly, but within reasonable limits. He demanded positions without responsibilities to be removed and from his remaining management he demanded that they would outlet responsibility for their mistakes. However, when management was to present information, the information must have been scrutinized for errors, as he did not accept reports to include mistakes.In line with Ghosns transparency principle, he made sure that cross-functional department members had very clear lines of responsibility, making sure that the old organizational issues of pointing fingers at others in stead of taking charge was dealt with. In my opinion a very important step in order to counter act the possible behavior within the organization. However, it remains unclear how exactly Ghosn did communicate this to his staff. It would take a strong and clear communicative effort within Nissan to come sure that the managers would follow Ghosns demands. I will however assume that as Ghosn so successfully turned Nissan around, he must have make a sufficient effort.Evaluating on the case, I see little name and address to how his strategy was created, it seems like Ghosn had a ready strategy a few weeks into his new position, although it was further developed through the usage of CTFs. Thus I regard the creation of the CTFs as part of the strategy execution. I do so as the CTFs in themselves, played a big part in executing what I see as step one unfreezing the orga nization and the first step of getting managers to buy-in on Ghosns overall strategy. This is a propagate in line with his execution is 95 percent of the job, strategy is only 5 percent principle as after the first two months, Ghosn spend 16 months on executing his strategy.This also leads me back to my hypothesis of Ghosn turning Nissan around by a process of sequential change. nonparallel change is a long-term process of several steps developed through rational conclusions. I see many similarities in the way Ghosn approached the Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 7turnaround and sequential change. He gave it time, two years. He divided the execution into steps putting together the CTFs over two weeks, then letting the CTFs work for two months and then introducing the ratified CTF suggestions over 14-15 months. From my point of view, Ghosn showed intensive leadership in his planning but for sure also in his execution, which allow ed him to handle any resistance in the organization. Thus I see my hypothesis as confirmed.Luck and timingI have no doubt that Ghosn was successful in his turnaround of Nissan. But can it all be accredited to Ghosns leadership skills or was the turn around fueled by other factors?Surely strategy requires skill to be planned and resources to be executed thoroughly, but when feel at the timing of Ghosns entry into Nissan, the external milieu is worth a thought. In addition to the external environment, one should consider the fact that the company for the better part of the previous decade was building up an roughly insurmountable debt, only turning a profit few times.Ghosn entered the organization in 1999, almost at the same time as the dotcom crisis happened. some(prenominal) international companies went bankrupt and for the first time a large Japanese company faced ruin, as the Japanese government declined to save the company. This ball over corporate culture, especially in Jap an, where the Keiretsu partnerships were reevaluated, as they might be familiar suppliers with good connections, but if they were too expensive to let the buyer make a profit, then they could not maintain their relationship. This happened in the case of Nissan too, on request of Ghosn and his CFTs. But as it was an economic trend across companies, the showdown of having to break with old traditions was made easier. Also, as stated earlier, Ghosn made use of the ruined company Yamaichi to coerce his employees. Ghosn would not have had this example, or a similar one for that matter, just a few years earlier.I cannot say for certain that Ghosns strategy succeeded due to his luck of timing, but peck were definitely in his favor, when looking at how Ghosn executed his strategy. In my opinion, a leader can always make changes in an organization and execute them. However, when referring to resistance to change and how the organization feels about the leader as in this case, the process wo uld have been a lot harder and the leader a lot less popular, if the economy of both the company and society had not been in as bad a state as in this case. I would also doubt if Ghosn would have been able to succeed in turning Nissan around in only 18 months, but with the right strategy and the resources to execute it, I am Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 8 reassured that Nissan could have been turned around, even a few years earlier, as the debt of Nissan would have been lower, not acting as such a cargo as in 1999.The alternatives that Nissan would have faced by beginning the turnaround a few years earlier are not clearly in the favor of a strategy similar to the turnaround that began in 1999, in terms of massive layoffs being accepted by government or employees. However, having started the turnaround years earlier, Nissan would have avoided the massive debts burden, which more or less forced Nissan to sell off the Keiretsu pa rtnerships. This would again have meant one hurdle less to turnaround Nissan, as the culture clash would have been less.To sum up Carlos Ghosns approach to turning Nissan around, I would say that he executed an appropriate strategy at the time where it was highly needed to save the company as well as the external environment of Nissan was in favor of his strategy of sequential change, that gave him the time to attend to organizational and cultural issues and to counter resistance to change. Exam assignment in CM J41 Strategy Execution By Rune Sixtus Bruhn CPR 061082 1987 9Sources eluding hand outThe Global Leadership of Carlos Ghosn at Nissan John P. Millikin, Thunderbird, 2003ArticlesDecoding Resistance to Change, Jeffrey D. Ford and Laurie W. Ford, Harvard Business Review, 2009Challenging Resistance to Change, Eric B. Dent and Susan Galloway Goldberg, Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 1999Christiana Gold Leading Change at westerly Union, Jordan Mitchell and Alison Konrad, Ivey Management Services, 2005Slides/Class presentationsI have used ideas and approaches discussed in kinsfolk in general, but I mainly draw my inspiration from the lectures in class 5 and 6.

Examining The Guest By Albert Camus English Literature Essay

Examining The Guest By Albert Camus English Literature EssayThe novel work I chose to examine was The Guest by Albert Camus. I chose this assemble because I felt that it was easy to relate to the consciousness of isolation that was face by the compositors case Daru. The political theory and psychology in the element were self evident as it nobbleed a big fibre on the actions of the character in his lonely state. In my opinion the agnomen The Guest, suggests that at that place is more than one person that Daru doesnt know ab issue. The main character Daru can be examined to be a self-righteous, sending, full-hearted person. His caring for the captive and actions toward him make him feel like he was doing the right thing to help out a logger human being.The political theory around this va permit de chambre can be described as volatile in the sense that it assumes to the reader that a war is about to happen. Then Ill gestate for the declaration of war and there is talk o f a forthcoming revolt. pass on awareness of the essential political unrest among the two feuding parties, the Algerian french colonial government and the Algerian Arabs. I believe this feud is what places Darus stick on in such a remote environment. The idea that Daru doesnt know what on the plainlyton would be the reason for him having a gun would be further back up by the fact that his shotgun is in his trunk which means he obviously doesnt use it. When Balducci told him that he ought to have it near his bed because if there is an uprising no one is safe, were all in the same boat. I believe he is hinting towards the fact that I turn over he knows state are following him to retreave the captive. I feel that the severe political unrest will begin to happen after the end of the story.The psychological wallop involved in Darus isolation was that he was caught up between the effective system that imposed itself on the Arabs family quarrel and his emotions to do right as a man. When Daru said every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. I believe he was fighting with his inner morals which to him were to do the right thing and to not turn the Arab over but in turn, set him free. He doesnt have any problem with his choice in refusing to turn him over and firmly stands by his decision. Instead of taking the captive off and setting him free, he wished that the Arab would just run a authority that way he would be alone with no decision to make. The statement that mans blockheaded crime revolted him, but to hand him over was contrary to honor supports this entirely. The statement, he could see nothing but the dark yet shining look and the animal mouth, in my opinion means that he didnt see the prisoner as a monster or a killer but just as a normal person incapable of murdering other human being. I believe that when Daru was feeding the prisoner and treating him like an actual human being the Arab developed some sort of Stockholm syndrome duration in the custody of someone who I believe he grew to trust in a short amount of time. I conceptualise that when the prisoner asked Daru if he would come with them to the prison, he knew that his fellow Arabs were following him to get him back. I believe he was trying to protect Daru from what was going to happen. When Daru was walking the Arab southmost to the nomads where he would be safe, his heart grew heavy and I honestly dont think that Daru wanted him to leave since they formed a very strange and surreptitious bond among men. When Daru returned to find the message you handed over our brother. You will pass on for this. written on his black board I believe he was unsure why they would be after him considering that he just let their brother go, not only with food but also with money. He finds himself felling misunderstood and what I believe is frightended when he dosent see anyone in sight.The psychological impact in my opinion is greater on the concept of isolation more so than the political theory involed with the character and his struggles. I think the author did a good job dehumanizing the prisoner in an flack to make Daru seem like he is still alone although someone is there. The imagery and detail also given make it easy to cast just how alone and torn Daru actually is. I believe that the storys epithet should be changed from The Guest to The Unseen Guest just to make it play a little more to the psychological aspect of the piece.(words 1024)

Quantitative Tests For Aminoacids And Proteins Biology Essay

Quantitative Tests For Aminoacids And Proteins Biology analyseifyThe purpose of this experiment is to obtain information closely structural of a compound with some running games these be biuret ,ninhydrine ,xanthoprotic and heavy admixture group by observing emblazon changes or not.Casein is a protein that is found in milk and used as a binding agent. Technically, phosphoproteins, collections of proteins bound to something containing phosphoric acid.1albumin is an umbrella term for a type of protein which is pissing soluble. Albumin can be found dickens of the most familiar examples that atomic number 18 in egg whites and in human blood. Albumins are an important discriminate of protein, and they are vitally important to health and well being for many a(prenominal) organisms. Many plants and animals contain or secrete albumin. 2Tyrosine is a n cardinalssential amino acid the body makes from another amino acid called phenylalanine. It is a create block for several impor tant neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine etc. Neurotransmitters help spunk cells communicate and influence mood. Tyrosine also helps produce melanin (the pigment responsible for copper and hide food food coloring materialing) and helps in the function of organs responsible for making and modulate hormones. It is involved in the social organisation of almost every protein in the body.3Protein examenBiuret Test The Biuret Test is a general judge to happen upon peptide mystify or not. When protein that includes peptide bond reacts with copper(II) sulfate (blue), the positive tribulation is the formation of a violet colored intricate.The Biuret Test kit and boodle for any compound containing two or more of the following groups.Ninhydrin Test The Ninhydrin Test is a running play for amino acids and proteins to determine free -NH2 group. When such an -NH2 group reacts with ninhydrin, a purple-blue complex is formed.Xanthproteic Test Phenyl group containing an activati ng group can be processd it produces as a colour harvest-tide.The production of a yellow colored product provide by the addition of azotic acid and this test works for the presence of tyrosine or tryptophan in a protein.The addition of wet base will deepen the color to orange. The yellow stains on the skin caused by nitric acid are the result of the xanthoproteic reaction.Heavy metal Ions Test Heavy metal ions precipitate proteins by cross-linking free amino groups and carboxylate groups.Ions commonly used for testing for the presence of proteins include Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Sb3+, Ag1+, Cd2+, and Pb2+.Among the metal ions, Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ have very high toxicity. They cause serious damage to proteins (especially enzymes) by denaturing them. 4APPARATUSDropperTest thermionic valvesHeater%2Casein%2Albumin%2Gelatin%2Glycine%2TrypthophanNaOHCopper sulfateNinhydrine reagent nitric acidMilkSilver nitrateIron nitrate atomic number 11 nitrateWater BathPROCEDUREBiuret TestFirstly,%2 resultant roles glycine,gelatin,albumin,thyrosine and casein were vigilant.These metros were labeled as 1,2,3,4 and 51ml of all(prenominal) solution except casein and go down caserin with 1 ml water.7-10 drops NaOH and 2 drops copper sulfate solution on each of the auditions to be tested.Observations were recorded.Ninhydrine TestNew test tubes were labelled again.7-10 drops of ninhydrin reagent were added to each test tube and heated in water bathtub approximately 5 min.Observations were recorded.Xanthoproteic TestNew test tubes were labelled10-15 drops of nitric acid were added to each test tube and heated in water bath approximately 10min.Observations were recorded.Heavy Metal Precipitation1.2ml milk were put into glycine ,gelatine and albumin labelled as 1,2,32.10 drops of %5silver medal nitrate were added to glycine ,10 drops of iron(III) nitrate to gelatine and 10 drops of sodium nitrate to test tube albumin.3.These step were repeated for %2 albumin.4.Finally,observati ons were recorded.OBSERVATIONSIn this experiment,we placed new test tubes into squelch by labelled each with number.The drive of that is to apply some tests to each one.These tests are biuret ,ninhydrine ,xanthoproteic and heavy metal tests.Casein,albumin ,gelatin ,glycine and tyrosine were tested with biuret test.Firstly inside blue seam with casein and thus nimbleness purple at top of tube and blue layer.In albumin,the purple colour diffused in test tube ,and whence purple at top and purple layer at bottom. With gelatin ,at top is purple as a first and then purple subatomic particles were also ascertained.For glycine ,blue appeared as homogeneous alike dissolved.And then at top is blue ,at bottom like green.Final result for biuret test is for tyrosine.At the beginning, blue layer was remained in suspense and then green , browned particle was observed at bottom.Secondly,ninhydrine test results were recorded for each one.With casein,we observed light purple like grey.With ge latin ,glycine and also tyrosine dark purple.With albumin,the color appeared like dark purple due to heater.Thirdly,the other test is xanthoprotic test to light upon easily phenyl group.With casein ,opaque turned into yellow particles.With gelatin and glycine ,the colour is so light yellow like colourless.With tyrosine ,yellow color turned into brown in time.Finally,albumin appeared as cloudy white and then turned into yellow particles.Final test is heavy metal test that ordains information to the highest degree structure.Milk with silver nitrate turned into pink due to density.With iron and sodium nitrate ,there are no changes.RESULTSIn this experiment, we learned some test to obtain information that we searched.For example,Biuret test is help to own information near peptide bond or not.If there is a peptide bond ,the color is observed as purple.If the colour is blue,it means no rxn there.Casein ,albumin ,gelatin,glycine and tyrosine were tested.Casein,albumin and gelatin gave purple color and these ones have peptide bond.Because these are proteins that have peptide bonds.However, glycine and tyrosine are not proteins one of them is aminoacid the other is enzyme.Therefore they did not allow rxn not observed purple color as we expected.With ninhydrine test,except casein,the others gave pozitive rxn appeared as purple color.This test is to help information about free amino group primary or secondary.The other test is xantroprotic test.It gives information about phenyl group.Aromatic group one is yellow.Nitric acid is used to test it.This reaction is also endothermic rxn.Casein and tyrosine gave reaction and observed color changes.The last-place test is heavy metal test.It helps to give information about structure of a compound.If protein is tested with heavy metal,colour changes are observed also.It is tested with silver ,iron and sodium nitrate also.Silver helps to distrupt the structure that means colour change.With silver,the color turns into pink. co untersignThe purpose of this experiment is to learn which test why is used.Biuret test is to detect there are peptide bond or not.Normally,biuret test can give pozitive result that means purple color with proteins.In our experiment,casein albumin and gelatin give (+) result however glycine and tyrosine not due to aminoacid or enzyme.Our results are also related to as we expected.Ninhydrine test was applied to same prepared samples.The aim of this test is to detect free aminogroup (-NH2) and to decide primary or secondary group according to the colour.We used heater in this part.The reason of that reaction become a reality due to endothermic.At this part,except casein the others could give (+)result.Glycine that we learned previous experiment can have free aminogroup (primary).With casein,the others colour turned into dark purple.The other test is xandroprotic test that is used to detect phenly group.It helps to discriminate aromatic structure from others.For casein ,the colour turne d into yellow,for tyrosine ,the colour turned yellow to orange like brown.Therefore ,two of them could give pozitive result.As a last-place test ,heavy metal test was applied to prepared samples.This test shows which sample can distrupt with which one.Silver ,iron and sodium nitrate were used to detect it.Silver can distrupt protein structure.We still that colour changes.The color turns into pink and the others did not change for milk (nesquick).

Customer Segmentation In The Full Service Restaurant Business Marketing Essay

guest Segmentation In The Full forward motion Restaurant Business Marketing EssayABSTRACT. The purpose of this acquire was to stripping factors that affect nodes conception to invert eating places using selective information minelaying. A number of 390 usable disbeliefnaires were design of goods and servicesd in the entropy analysis. AnswerTree, a selective information exploit softw be, was employ as a major analytical system. AnswerTree changes a police detective to discoer and cigarette desirable client classs and thus is fit to use in nominateing differences between virtuoso group with a recidivate aspiration and one group with no return design. turn over results indicated that different subdivision factors affected clients return designing between the cardinal groups. Three factors ( preachation, nutrition bea, and number of dining do per hebdomad) nearly affected a groups revisit intention. On the opposite hand, one-third factors ( p reachation, occupation, and about frequent dining destination) or so affected the group with no revisit intention. Study results provide meaningful culture for marketing strategies that batch be successfully employ by full-service eatery operators.KEYWORDS. node division, full-service eating place, selective information excavation, AnswerTreeINTRODUCTIONWith increasing competition in the restaurant business, marketing strategies posit to be much than significant to tally node satisfaction (Kara et al., 1997 Kivela, 1997 Murphy et al., 1996). Since node satisfaction affects businesses ability to hold back their status in a competitive restaurant market, many researchers behave studied customer satisfaction (Almanza et al., 1994 Andaleeb Con commission, 2006 Barsky Labagh, 1992 Domingo, 2002 James, 1995 Johns Tyas, 1996 Oh, 1999, 2000 Oliver, 1980, 1981). Previous researchers have queried restaurant customers to tell the agreements for their decisions to revis it and recommend restaurants to different potential visitors, thitherby suggesting impelling marketing strategies. Although there is no assurance that customers provide make a return visit (Dube et al., 1994), restaurateurs assume that satisfied customers will return fleck customers who had a poor experience will not come again. Thus, understanding some(prenominal) satisfied and unsatisfied customers is an grievous process in making sub due marketing strategies. In order to segment customers according to their attributes, knowledge of those attributes is an effective tool in finding appropriate marketing strategies (Bowen, 1998 Gregoire et al., 1995 Klosgen Zytkow, 2002 Reid, 1983 Richard Sundaram, 1994 Swinyard Struman, 1986 Woo, 1998 Yksel Yksel, 2002). Customer segmentation can be determined by customer attributes such as demographic and behavioral characteristics buy patterns, billet and use or response to a product (Kotler et al., 2005). In this study, the term cu stomer attributes was defined as customers demographic and behavior patterns, attitude and use or response to a product via recommendation intention.To identify customer segmentation, entropy mining was use in this study. Data mining is the process of determination or classifying trends and patterns in data to analyze customers past tense behaviors (Adriaans Zantinge, 1997 Chat knowledge domain, 1995 Fadairo Onyekelu-Eze, 2008 Kudyba Hoptroff, 2001 Lovell, 1983 Pyle, 1999 Thuraisingham, 1999). If restaurant managers all the delegacy know their target customer attributes, they can develop a relegate service strategy or make up for their weak points.The ram of this research was to identify factors affecting customers intention to revisit a restaurant. Study results provide meaningful information to the process of developing marketing strategies that can be successfully used by full-service restaurant operators. Further, study results will inform restaurateurs nigh important and non-important factors in return intention and enable them to select those factors on which to boil down on and improve.REVIEW OF THE LITERATURECustomer SegmentationCustomer segmentation is a crucial position of todays besides competitive restaurant business. In the mid-1950s, Wendell R. Smith, an American marketer, commencement ceremony introduced the concept of customer segmentation (Nairn Berthon, 2003). Russell Haley then developed segmentation theory in 1968. Customer segmentation can be defined as a stylus to separate customers into groups for decision making purposes or to support effective wariness in acquiring or tutelage customers (Bowen, 1998 Bahn Granzin, 1985 Chen et al., 2007 Yksel Yksel, 2002). Since customer segmentation can help restaurants increase revenue, a marketing strategy found on customer segmentation can be more powerful and effective (Auty, 1992 Bojanic Shea, 1997 Chen et al., 2006).Customer segmentation has foster researchers to take a c loser look at customer segmentation as part of an effective marketing strategy. Lewis (1981) used discriminant analysis to identify the differences between goers and non-goers with forage quality, menu variety, outlay, atmosphere, and convenience. Bahan and Granzin (1985) investigated intravenous feeding customer segments health, gourmet, value, and unconcerned. They reported that to each one group had different preferences for service quality. Auty (1992) divided up respondents into ternion customer groups (student, well-to-do middle-aged people, and older people) and examined restaurant image and atmosphere. Oh and Jeong (1996) revealed the characteristics of four customer segments massive service go throughker, convenience seeker, classic dinner seeker, and indifferent dinner seeker. Bojanic and Shea (1997) desire differences between downtown eatrs and suburban eatrs. Yksel and Yksel (2002) identified the attributes of fin customer segments (value seekers, service s eekers, adventurous feed seekers, atmosphere seekers, and healthy food seekers) based on nine factors (service quality, product quality and hygiene, adventurous menu, price and value, atmosphere, healthy food, location and appearance, availability of nonsmoking ara, and visibility of food preparation area). In this study, the researcher divided customers into two groups based on revisit intention in order to identify which factors most affect these two groups. The heavyset of the literature review is presented in duck 1.Table 1 about hereData MiningTo divide respondents into two groups based on revisit intention, unlike previous studies, data mining was used to identify revisit intention in the restaurant business. Data mining was introduced in the late 1980s and developed in the 1990s. Its origin is in the field of statistics and a specialized area at bottom artificial intelligence (AI) that is part of computer science (Ogut et al., 2008 Roiger Geatz, 2003). According to Fad airo and Onyekelu-Eze (2008), data mining is a way to find information in a huge database. Such information can be used to identify relationships between variants. That is, data mining may be utilized in analyzing a specific data set with the intention of identifying patterns and establishing relationships using data mining, it is possible to sort by dint of massive volumes of data and discover new information or an analytic rule for reasoning useful knowledge and bespeaking future trends (Bolshakova et al., 2005 Chatfield, 1995 Chen et al., 1998 Groth, 2000 extend to et al., 2001 Koyuncugil, 2004 Lovell, 1983 Westphal Blaxton, 1998). Data mining can perform two basic operations predicting customer behaviors and identifying segmentation (Lampe Garcia, 2004 Wang et al., 2008). For that reason, many researchers have attempted to apply data mining in the business industry (Keating, 2008 Liu et al., 2008 Rygielski et al., 2002 Zambochov, 2008). Previous studies have stress that companies could use data mining to identify customer dispositions or trends regarding the patronise of trustworthy companies. With this information, companies can focus their efforts on good customers from whom they would make the most profit. Further, all industries can take advantage of data mining in seeking to understand inconsistent segmentation of their target customers. In summary, data mining is a powerful technology that may be used in support of companies engaging in decision-making on issues such as customer attrition, customer retention, customer segmentation and sales forecast (Ogut et al., 2008).CHAID in AnswerTreeTo apply data mining, the AnswerTree program was used in this study. AnswerTree, a data mining software, is a foreseeable model that shows results in a manoeuver model (SPSS, 2009). Variables may be analyzed in the AnswerTree program in three ways CHAID (chi-squared automatic interaction detector), CART (classification and regression trees), and necessita te ( loyal, unbiased, efficient, statistical tree). Basically, the CHAID method acting is a more comprehensive method and generates more accurate results when using categorical variables, while CART and QUEST are suitable when using continuous variables. Since categorical variables were used in this study, the CHAID method was apply here.The original CHAID method grew from a 1975 doctoral dissertation by Kass, who published a more botherible article four old age later (Kass, 1980). Since the CHAID method allows marketers to identify segments in relation to a myrmecophilous variable having two or more categories based on the compounding of in mutualist variables (Chen, 2003), the CHAID method has popularly been applied in the consumer research field (Haughton Oulabi, 1997 Levin Zahavi, 2001). In the CHAID procedure, a pendant variable and key in mutualist variables are initially chosen. According to chi-squared, the dependent variable can be divided by the levels of a real i ndependent variable that has the strongest association with the dependent variable. That is, the most important and related independent variable with a dependent variable bring to passs the first node. This analysis process occurs when one of three criteria are met, according to Berson et al. (2000)1. The segment contains only one record. (There is no other question that you can ask to further refine a segment of in force(p) one.)2. every the records in the segment have identical characteristics. (There is no reason to continue asking further questions because all the remaining records are the same.)3. The improvement is not substantial enough to warrant asking the question (p. 162).All variables used in this study were categorical measurements with two or more categorical levels. The stopping rules for AnswerTree analyses were a maximum tree understanding of 3, tokenish number of pillow campaigns of 25 for a given node, and significance level for ripping of 0.05.RESEARCH METH ODOLOGYData Collection and QuestionnaireThe data used for this study were collected in Miami via face-to-face hearings. The response rate for the face-to-face interview has revealed it to be the best method among various survey methods (The Monkey Team, 2008). Surveys were administered from whitethorn 1 to May 31, 2007. To increase result reliability, we selected respondents who had visited a full-service restaurant within the last one month. The selected full-service restaurants offered full table service and the average guest expenditure was at least $25 per person. Of the 414 questionnaires collected, 24 were incomplete and were eliminated. As a result, a total of 390 questionnaires were used in the data analysis.Since AnswerTree enables a researcher to identify and target desirable customer groups (SPSS, 2009), it is a suitable analysis method for identifying differences between groups. Further, AnswerTree is a more robust method than existing statistical methods in identifying segment characteristics (Byrd Gustke, 2006). There were two groups in the dependent variable one group with the intent to revisit and one group with no intent to revisit. Questionnaire items for revisit intention were rated on seven-point Likert crustal plate ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. To apply CHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection) analysis, researchers born-again the seven-point scale into categorical variable (agree, so-so, disagree). Even though respondents answers were a volt or six-spot on the seven-point scale, the information sufficiently ensured positive responses. Finally, those with five, six and seven points were converted into a positive group (agree). On the other hand, those with one, two and three points were converted into a negative group (disagree). Finally, four on the seven-point scale was converted into a so-so group.Among respondents (n=390), 83.33% (n=325) indicated that they were unbidden to revisit the restaurant on the other hand, 11.54% (n=45) thought that they would not revisit the restaurant and 5.13% (n=20) replied so-so, which heart I dont know. Customer segmentation can be sort by demographic and behavioral characteristics such as buying patterns, attitude and use or response to a product (Johns Pine, 2002 Kotler et al., 2005). Independent variables were cool of demographic profiles (gender, age, marital status, occupation, income, reinforcement area) and customer attributes in relation to buying behavior, a pattern of full-service restaurant use (how many dining occasions per workweek, how much spent at a restaurant, frequency of restaurant visits, with whom did they dine there). Finally, to ascertain a response to a product, recommendation intention was used in this study as an independent variable. The summary of data definition is presented in Table 2.Table 2 about hereRESULTS course 1 shows the general model for revisit intention. The general model makes it lightsome for r eaders to figure out how many nodes are included in the results and shows the sinless model design. In this study, 13 nodes were used to explain the factors affecting a group who intended to revisit and a group with no intention to revisit. For the dependent variable, originally there were three groups yes, so-so, and no. However, because of small attempt size, the so-so group was not divided by descriptor. The dependent variable was divided by five descriptors recommend intention, living area, how many times to dine per week, occupation, and when a good deal dine.Figure 1 about hereIn terms of yes segmentation on revisit intention, in Figure 2, the first disconnected was recommend yes (2=376.4356, d.f.=4 p=.000). In thickening 3, 98.10% (n=309) of respondents thought that they had a revisit intention. client 3 was divided into two groups knob 7 and leaf node 8. The second split was based on the variable of Living area South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states (2= 68.5075, d.f.=2 p=.000). Node 7 was divided into two groups Node 11 and Node 12. 98.69% (n=302) of respondents (Node 7) who lived in South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states showed that they were willing to return to the restaurant. The last split was how many times dine per week over 3 times (2=19.7972, d.f.=1 p=.000). In Node 12, 100.00% (n=254) of respondents who visited the restaurant over 3 times per week indicated that they had a revisit intention. In summary, there were three descriptors as follows recommend yes, living South Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states, and how many times to dine per week over 3 times.Figure 2 about hereConsidering no segmentation on revisit intention, in Figure 3, the first split was recommend (no) (2=376.4356, d.f.=4 p=.000). In Node 1, 81.13% (n=43) of respondents indicated that they would not visit the restaurant again. Node 1 then was divided into three groups Node 4, Node 5, and Node 6. The second pruning tree was based on t he occupation variable position role player (professional, salesman, and self-employed) (2=20.1046, d.f.=4 p=.000). In Node 4, 94.87% agreed that they were not willing to return to a restaurant. Node 4 was divided into two groups Node 9 and Node 10. The last split was when often dine luncheon (2=25.2973, d.f.=1 p=.000). In Node 9, all office workers (100.00%, n=36) who often visited the restaurant at lunchtime did not have a recommendation as well as revisit intention. In picture, three descriptors split the node recommend no, occupation office worker (professional, salesman, and self-employed), and when often dine lunch.Figure 3 about hereFigure 4 presents summary statistics. The bar graph makes it easy for readers to understand which node most costs the dependent variable and provides the variation for each dependent variable. In this study, the dependent variable, revisit intention, was classified by a maximum tree depth of 3, minimum number of cases of 25 for a given node, and significance level for splitting of 0.05. The bar graph for AnswerTree showed that the particular nodes most often represent groups intention or non-intention to revisit, respectively (Node 12 agree group, Node 9 disagree group).Figure 4 about hereTable 3 presents a gain chart of yes segments. A gain chart is a table that summarizes the entire model descriptively. In the gain chart, we can see the circumstances representation of each node for the dependent variable. In the case of the yes segment, the root node was 83.33% (n=325). Node 12 was computed by taking 100.00% (Gain % computed from Node N divided by Resp N) and then dividing it by 83.33% (root node). The result was 120.00%, the magnate score for Node 12. That is, Node 12 (recommend yes, living area entropy Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states, how many times dine per week over 3 times) represents a root node about 1.2 times. Thus, in the case of yes segmentation, three variables (recommend, living, and how m any times to dine per week) are important factors in dividing respondents into groups that answered yes regarding revisit intention.Table 3 about hereTable 4 presents a gain chart for no segment. The root node was 11.54% (n=45).Node 9 was computed by taking 100.00% (Gain %) and then dividing it by 11.54% (root node). The result was 866.66%, the powerfulness score for Node 9. That is, Node 9 (recommend no, occupation professional, salesman, and self-employed, when often dine lunch) represents a root node about 8.6 times. Thus, in the case of no segment, three variables (recommend, occupation, when often dine) are important factors in dividing a group that answered no with respect to revisit intention.Table 4 about hereTable 5 offers a risk chart indicating the preciseness of the classification. It resembles the percentage of classified respondents in the discriminant analysis. The risk estimate predicted the risk incurred due to misclassification of the respondents in the AnswerTr ee analysis. A lower risk estimate indicates a more just now classified model. According to the results of the assessment of revisit intention, the risk estimate was 0.0615385. This means that the precision of classifying respondents in the AnswerTree analysis was 99.9384615%. That is, about 99.93% of the respondents were classified accurately on split nodes.Table 5 about hereDISCUSSION AND importeeIn the restaurant business, customer segmentation enables restaurant managers or marketers to develop effective marketing strategies. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affect intention to revisit a full-service restaurant. To ascertain differences between group intent to revisit and group non-intent to revisit, data mining was used. There has been little use of data mining in the hospitality field. Because data mining is one way to take a leak decision-making models that predict future behavior based on analyses of past activity, using collected data from segment targeting is the best way to create suitable marketing strategies (Lampe Garcia, 2004 Wang et al., 2008). Among the respondents (n=390), 83.33% (n=325) indicated that they were willing to visit the restaurant again while 11.54% (n=45) thought that they would not visit the restaurant again and 5.13% (n=20) were so-so. As mentioned earlier, due to the small sample size, the so-so group was not divided.The AnswerTree results revealed different voice factors between the two groups. In the case of the yes segment, there were three descriptors recommend yes (2=376.4356, d.f.=4 p=.000), living area south Florida, other Florida, and other U.S states (2=68.5075, d.f.=2 p=.000), and how many times dine per week over 3 times (2=19.7972, d.f.=1 p=.000). Analysis results revealed that the more customers like to dine out, the more they intend to revisit a restaurant. In other words, people who have a great interest in dining are more likely to be truehearted customers. Moreover, as they intend to recommend the restaurant to other people, saveing such a customer means other potential customers could be positively affected. According to Sderlund (1998), Word-of-mouth is defined here as the extent to which a customer informs friends, relatives and colleagues about an event that has created a certain level of satisfaction (p. 172). As word-of-mouth can be a significant determinant of behavioral intentions, recommendation intention greatly affects a restaurant businesss sales (Babin et al., 2005 Edwards Meisleman, 2005 Mangold et al., 1999 Mattila, 2001 Sderlund, 1998). This studys results supported the finding that faithful customers are more likely to encourage other people to in addition have their exceptional experience, which is consistent with previous studies (e.g., Bowen, 1998). It is less costly to keep an existing loyal customer than to attract a new customer. Also, loyal customers return to make more repeat purchases at the restaurant. Therefore, identifying lo yal customers is an important part of the restaurant businesses (Bowen Shoemaker, 1998 Fierman, 1994 Jang Mattila 2005 OBrien Jones, 1995 Orr, 1995 Schneider et al., 1998). From a managerial standpoint, the results of this study based on data mining help restaurateurs in identifying the characteristics of a loyal customer segment. In the case of the no segment, three descriptors split the node recommend no ( 2=376.4356, d.f.=4 p=.000), occupation office worker (professional, salesman, and self-employed) (2=20.1046, d.f.=4 p=.000), and when often dine lunch (2=25.2973, d.f.=1 p=.000). The results of this analysis revealed that office workers who often visited a restaurant at lunch did not intend to revisit. In other words, office workers, salesmen, and the self-employed were less satisfied with lunch at the full-service restaurant. In general, some full-service restaurants focus on lunch for office workers, who usually eat lunch away from the office. Even though some lunch menus do focus on the office worker, offering this meal is usually expensive and time-consuming. However, as office workers tend to eat lunch in a brief span of time, they prefer to eat lunch at fast food restaurants rather than at a full-service restaurant. From a managerial viewpoint, if full-service restaurateurs could provide a lunch menu with low prices as well as quick service, they could obtain part of the office worker market currently dismission to fast food restaurants. The summary of segments is presented in Table 6.Insert Table 6The purpose of customer segmentation is to target a certain type of customer when developing a marketing strategy. If a restaurant cannot develop correct and appropriate marketing strategies, they may not generate their existence in this highly competitive business. As attributes have changed and become more complicated, customer segmentation is becoming more important in providing basic source material for marketing strategies. In order to respond apace to changing customer attributes, restaurant marketers require rapid access to information on various customer attributes. In this context, restaurant marketers need to be able to identify customers past behaviors in order to predict future tendencies. This ability can be provided and maintained in the restaurant business by using data mining technologies. Data mining enables restaurant marketers to draw information more effectively from databases (Bolshakova et al., 2005 Chatfield, 1995 Chen et al., 1998 Groth, 2000 put across et al., 2001 Koyuncugil, 2004 Lovell, 1983 Westphal Blaxton, 1998). Through the effective use of data mining, managers can more quickly analyze customer attribute in the restaurant business.This study of customer revisit intention occurred in the Miami area only. Thus, findings might not be generalized to other areas. Another limitation is that study results cannot be applied to all restaurant services, because our focus was on full-service restaurants only. Therefore, findings must be applied to other restaurants with due caution. Lastly, this study did not use a oversize enough sample size for data mining. Although we used 390 samples to identify and target customer groups, data mining is typically used with a bighearted database. Thus, future research may use data mining with a larger sample size. Data mining was a useful method in predicting restaurant customers intentions to revisit. Unfortunately, very few studies have used this method. Thus, further research in other hospitality fields would benefit from data mining.