Separation of Powers in the U.S. Constitution Essay

Separation of Powers in the U.S. Constitution - Essay Example Congress is the only body with legislation powers in the United States. Nondelegation doctrine illustrates that Congress cannot delegate this law making duty, to any other organization. Supreme Court illustrated in Clinton v. City of New York (1998) that Congress cannot delegate to the president the â€Å"line-item veto† because of guarantees in the Constitution. Executive power and authority is vested and practiced by the President of United States. The president is the Commander in Chief of the United States Army and Navy, has authority to make appointments to office and treaties, the militia of states during service, receives ambassadors, receives public ministers, and ensures the faithful execution of the laws. Congress writes legislation to guide executive officials in the performance of the duties in accordance with the law. The Supreme Court in, INS v. Chadha (1983), illustrated that all legislative powers are vested in Congress; for bills to become law, they must be ap proved by the President (Kilman & Costello 158). Judicial power entails the ability of determining controversies and cases. This power is practiced by the Supreme Court, and junior courts initiated by Congress. It is not clearly illustrated, in the constitution, the superiority of any government branch over others. But, James Madison illustrated in Federalist 51 that each branch has different abilities to defend itself against actions of others; for instance, in the republican government, the predominant authority if legislative.

College Is Not for Everyone Essay Example for Free

College Is Not for Everyone Essay College is not for everyone, but for these three high school students that is all they believe in. Most students’ think about boys, girls, prom, sports, etc. the list could go on in a teenagers head, nothing about their future or college. So when talking to an uplifting student such as Philippian about her education, it gives hope to educators, and inspires others to take their education seriously. Philippian Chatman a 17 year old senior, who attends Aldine Senior High School, is very passionate about school. â€Å"If you want to pursue your career and goals, college should be one of your main priorities, my parents have instilled in me to go to school and college, they worked hard to provide a life for me so that I can have an opportunity to go to college. † Said Chatman Education is such a big deal to many people but for Chatman it is her main priority. â€Å"I want to major in debate, teaching, and photography. I really like photography because people always see action in movies but photography you can say a lot without words. † Said Chatman. When asking what college’s Chatman was looking into, she had set high standards for her to achieve. â€Å"I would love to go to Duke, University of Texas, or PV. â€Å" Wondering why not Texas Southern University, she said â€Å" It’s a nice campus but just not for me, I would rather go away from home and venture out on my own. † Statistics shows total number of high school drop outs annually is 3,030,000. The numbers increase every year, especially for male students. Education is the future for today’s students, yet little take so seriously. For Edwin Rebollar, a 16 year old senior at Aldine high school, works very hard to make his education his first priority as well. He talks highly about going to college and goes out his way to make good grades. He also speaks highly about his parents pushing to go further with his education. â€Å"I feel like college can open so many opportunities for me, and I want to be something in life. † Rebollar said â€Å"my parents are really strict on my education, if I didn’t go to college they would be very disappointed to let my education go to waste. † Said Rebollar â€Å"I am really interested in films and that is what I want to go to college for. † Rebollar said. Also another great student who attends Eisenhower, is 15 year old McKenzi Pope, who talks nothing but about college, was very excited about what Texas Southern had to offer for their annual high school day. â€Å"I feel like everyone should go to college because it help expresses them, and also it’s a new beginning of getting to know who you are. † McKenzi said. â€Å"My family is so proud of what. I’m trying to do. † My mom always said my speech is going to take me far and I’m trying to let it take me all the way to Harvard University. I want to major in communications, I’m going to become something that my family will be proud of. â€Å" One thing that all students had in common was their passion for their education and the support of their parents to back them up. There is also the educators who always want to teach their students and making sure their retaining all the knowledge that they are giving out. Most teachers feel as though if there is no family support nor the want to learn then the student will be just another statistic and drop out. Omar Peters who is a Media teacher at Jack Yates High school, feels highly strong about his students learning and making sure they are able to go out and use it in the real world. â€Å" I make sure they understand the fundamentals. † I wanted my students to understand this is a very competitive field, and if you do not understand the technical side of this business you will not make. † I have gotten most of my students internships, jobs, e.

Personal Reflection Of My Learning Style

Personal Reflection Of My Learning Style Introduction: After doing this course my weaknesses and strengths become apparent through my lecturers, and my mates. At first, I despised my lecturer critiques, I took it personally, and I thought they were just being nasty to me. After reflecting on their reviews and critiques, I can now say that I actually appreciate all their comments because they make me see where my shortcomings and strength are. They have shown me how to address my shortcomings and improve on my strengths. In the preceding chapters I will aspire to demonstrate what I have learnt, the assessment of my personal learning style and strategic plan I have devised for future essay writing. PERSONAL REFLECTION: Personal reflections constitute a large part of my development learning process that take place spontaneously. I perceive essay writing as a daunting task, this is the experience of most if not all students in my year. Unfortunately no matter how frightening we found it, it is mandatory in every part of our course as we do not sit for exams. I have always struggled with bad grammar, clarity, choice of words, word count, and non-qualitative work. So many times my Lecturers had to return my work to me and asked me to explain a statement that does not make sense to him. Along with struggles of choice of words and grammatical errors came other struggles. I often struggle with researching, academic writing, materials resources and referencing. Beside my imperfect writing also come the problems of footnotes, prioritising, and procrastination. All the aforementioned problems were addressed in this course. What I learned most in the course is that it helps me to study efficiently, enhance my researching skills. The course teaches me to take active step in reading, writing techniques, applying algorithm to read my text in any subject. Though it makes me read and learn slowly but actively. It also provides opportunity for me to interact with fellow students and facilitate group discussion, which enable us to talk about what we learn, reformulate and restructure the information. This course has also strengthened my learning style and has made me to be an aggressive learner. I have learnt so many writing techniques and terminology in this course which I must familiarize myself with, as they are mandatory to apply them in my future essay writing. Not doing that will jeopardise my expected standard. LEARNING PREFERENCES As you can see in the abovementioned chapters, what my writing skills are like. As unique as individual so also everyone has his or her own unique learning styles and preferences. This course demonstrated varieties of ways which students can learn and out of these modes and styles of learning it makes me identify suitable learning styles that are most appropriate for me, which are active and visual learning. To maximise and strengthen my learning it required me to attend lectures regularly, take notes and elaborate them after lectures, record lectures if allowed, talk about what I learn, add diagram to notes whenever ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s possible, work in peer or group. These learning styles also enable me to capitalize on my strength and give room for improvement on my weaknesses. This style of learning helps me to organise and manage my time effectively, it provides me with various approaches to studying, vocabulary building, researching, analytical skills, writing skills and othe r successful learning strategies. My burning desire to excel has plunged me into great analytical thinking, which will enhance my future essay writing and learning. ESTIMATED WORK PLAN FOR COMPLETION OF MY DEGREE In the next chapters I will aspire to demonstrate the strategic sequential steps I will be applying for the completion of my degree course. Approaching my studies with positive habits and perceive it as nothing else but a possession of mind, and in other for me to succeed I have to make decision about my priorities, my time and my resources. I will devise an action plan for the areas I need to develop further and I will give more attention to reflective experience and applying knowledge. Arrange and prioritise myself to eliminate distractions, knowing when I am more focus and productive. Studying at the same time everyday makes me establishes routine and this has become my pattern and I stay clear of scheduling any other things at this time. I will also avoid doing too much studying at one time, stick to my routine and follow the priorities I have set for myself and not allowing any other interest to sidetrack me from my goal. Implementing all this will makes me more systematize, col late the notes I have taken at lectures and in study groups together, reformulate, and restructure them in organization method I can develop. I will Investigate, question what my lecturers taught me, critically view the contents and quality of the lectures as I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to accept what I was taught as what passes from my lecturer notes into my notes without questioning or critically think about it or without reacting. I will also refer to my manual, other textbook, and web sites for assistance. I will also reflect on how I can relay or apply what I learn into my callings. One of my most difficult challenges is procrastination. This makes me struggling meeting up with the deadline and accomplish my goals. After this course, I have started to overcome the problem. However, I still put some things up for later but not as much as before. STRATEGY DEVICE FOR FUTURE ESSAY WRITING Below are the structures I will use for successful production of my future essays writing. First class academic essay writing requires analytical demonstration of my knowledge and skills of the topic. I will analyse, dissect the topic, pre and post the questions to get an overview. I will interpret the question, decode the question, and explain it in my own understanding. What is the main subject or content of the question, focus on the contents or else I will lose the track. Highlight the content. Identify the task, as this is where I am going to extract my essay introduction. I will follow the criteria, the guidelines and look for relevant resources. After doing all this I will start planning my essay, commencement of my essay, timing, what I need to focus on, what need to be included in the essay? The vital information I need to gather, materials needed. The next step I will take is to start researching, at the completion of my research, I will start writing an outline, organize l ist of points I want to make in the essay in a way it will make sense. Start drafting as it comes to my mind, collate them in correct format, and check grammatical errors and spelling. Do additional research to beef up the amount of words required. After doing all this then I will start writing my essay in the following order. An introduction A main body A conclusion A critical evaluation Meeting up with the deadline is very pivotal in essay writing as there is specific time of handing it in, but in situation where it is tough and strenuous I will talk to my lecturer as they are quite considerate and they do usually give extension. Conclusion Having realised that there is no quick or easy way to studying. I can only achieve through endurance, hard work, staying focus, immerse myself into rigorous swotting, and sequentially pursue my action plan. Implementation of the above plan and commitment will make me achieve my goal.

Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Essay -- essays research paper

Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Now is the time to become computer literate. Now is the time to become familiar and comfortable with the computer because in the future we will become virtually a paperless society and many daily activities will be linked to the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mail delivery to the home and business will be almost entirely phased out and e-mail will replace it. Bills will come via the computer and paid the same way. Pay checks will be electronically deposited to your bank account. On special occasions such as birthdays, greeting cards will be sent from your computer to your loved ones computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shopping malls will become cyber malls and we will do our shopping via the computer. You will be able to view on your monitor how you would look in a certain outfit you are considering to buy. Imagine traveling over the entire mall in a comfortable in front of your computer. Push a button and the entire stock of a store will be at your finger tips. When you do go to a store to shop you will not use money. You will use either a credit card or debit card which will automatically deduct the amount if you purchase from your bank account.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Our homes will be run by computers. Computers will adjust the temperature. Home appliances will be linked to the computer. Imagine driving home from work and calling your computer and having it start dinner for you. Have it adjust the temperat... Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Essay -- essays research paper Now Is The Time To Be Computer Literate Now is the time to become computer literate. Now is the time to become familiar and comfortable with the computer because in the future we will become virtually a paperless society and many daily activities will be linked to the computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mail delivery to the home and business will be almost entirely phased out and e-mail will replace it. Bills will come via the computer and paid the same way. Pay checks will be electronically deposited to your bank account. On special occasions such as birthdays, greeting cards will be sent from your computer to your loved ones computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shopping malls will become cyber malls and we will do our shopping via the computer. You will be able to view on your monitor how you would look in a certain outfit you are considering to buy. Imagine traveling over the entire mall in a comfortable in front of your computer. Push a button and the entire stock of a store will be at your finger tips. When you do go to a store to shop you will not use money. You will use either a credit card or debit card which will automatically deduct the amount if you purchase from your bank account.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Our homes will be run by computers. Computers will adjust the temperature. Home appliances will be linked to the computer. Imagine driving home from work and calling your computer and having it start dinner for you. Have it adjust the temperat...

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization is a documentary and TV series about the rises and falls of Athens. Liam Neeson narrates throughout the documentary of the civilization of ancient Greece. The filmmaker Anthony Geffen covered both the fourth and fifth centuries B. C. Actors were also used to portray historical events and people during this period. The documentary starts with the history of Athens beginning with the rule of Peisistratos whom transformed the city. He needed allies, in that way his son could have the throne.Peisistratos encouraged farming and provided loans and soon Athens was exporting olive oil to nations around the Mediterranian to Egypt, Persia, and Phoenicia. The booming trade made Athens wealthy and prosperous. Athens became the big apple of Greece. At this time potters were the lower of the lows in Athens. After the death of Peisistratos, his son Hippias took over. He ruled fairly at first, but after his brother’s death, he turned to be a tyrant. Self d efense was his only motive and since his only threat was from aristocrats, he turned against them.The aristocrats under the leadership of Cleisthenes captured Hippias and banished him from Athens. The people of Athens then took destiny into their own hands. Isagoras and his partners locked themselves in the Acropolis, but they were forced to surrender and he was forced into exile. Cleisthenes was recalled from exile and asked to form a Government. He came up with the idea of people, both rich and poor, discussing the issues facing them and casting votes to make a decision.On issues like rising of taxes, building of roads and going to war, votes were cast, with a white stone for yes and a black one for no. The super power in the world at that time was Persia. Athens was attacked by the Persians in the battle of Marathon. Athens asked for Sparta’s help, but did not receive it. Though outnumbered, Athens won the battle. A man who participated in the war was Themistocles. He was risen to power through democracy. He was one of history’s greatest leaders and he knew that to hold out against another Persian invasion, they would need a strong navy. The Triremes were warships.They became useful in another war against the Persia when Athens defeated them in the Straits of Salamis. Themistocles was then ostracized, and then died in Persia. The other people highlighted in the documentary were Pericles who built the Parthenon. A major decision was taken by Pericles to attack Sparta resulting in the Peloponnesian War. This war lasted 27 years and finally Athens surrendered to Sparta. Aspasia was his lover. She was made fun of in the theaters and in some tragedies. Pericles died from the plague, which was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history.Socrates was a man who used reason and logic and cared about individuals. He was a man who loved debates. He was later blamed for Athens defeat by Sparta. He was pleaded guilty with the death penalty. The reason why he dies was because he questioned the world around him and was easiest person to blame. Though the film is called The Greeks, however it is essentially a story of Athens and its people. The movie contains re-enactments of various scenes which consist of people dressed in ancient costumes moving in front of an out of focus camera.It gives the viewers a basic knowledge of their society at the time. However, the music in the background was too loud and very distracting making it difficult to hear the movie. One information that struck to my attention that they forgot to mention is that there were four major battles in this war; Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis and Plataea. Only Marathon and Salamis are noted in the documentary. This film covers the basic information about the history of Athens and is directed towards people who are beginners in this subject.However, for the people who are experts might find some inaccuracies and embellishments in this documentary. In conclusio n, Athens had been through many battles and changes throughout their history, from the battle of Marathon to the creation of democracy. It shows viewers who are new to this subject a good understanding of their leaders and famous philosophers. The documentary does a great job explaining and depicting the social, economic, political and cultural aspects of that period.

Different Cultures Coming Together in Tucson Essay

The Tucson Meet Yourself Festival is a great opportunity to familiarize yourself with different cultures, that live right in our city. You get to experience these great cultures that thrive in our community, by sampling the cultures food and watching and listening to their traditional dances and music. There is everything there from Vietnamese, Greek, Mexican, Native American, Chinese, and many more cultures featured at this event. I was lucky enough to get the opportunity to both experience and dance for this festival. I dance for the most well known Hispanic dance company in Tucson, AZ; Viva Performing Arts Center. We have gotten the opportunity to dance at this wonderful festival for the past two years and the audience is always so appreciative to watch what we have to offer, and soak in the culture through our dances. We usually showcase our well known Mexican Folklore dances as wells as our Samba, Mambo, and Salsa. Just by watching the audiences reaction to our dances not only makes me feel like I’m getting my culture out there in a positive way, but proud to be part of the Hispanic culture. After dancing, as a group we go out together into the festival and explore what this event has to offer. We spent most of the day there. It was great to see how well all the cultures adapt together in one setting. Everyone seems to get along so well and it gives the environment such a friendly and happy feel. All the food booths pull you in with the amazing aromas, that make your mouth water. They are set up right next to each other and its like walking through different countries right in Tucson. My favorite foods were the Vietnamese boba slushies and the Greek gyros. I tried to make as much room for all the different foods I wanted to try, but there was just so many it was impossible! This is definitely what keeps me going back every year. The delicious food from the many different cultures.

New Fingerprint Detection Technology Developed

New Fingerprint Detection Technology Developed In an era of advanced DNA technology, fingerprint evidence may be considered old school forensics, but its not as outdated as some criminals may think. Advanced fingerprinting technology now makes developing, collecting, and identifying fingerprint evidence easier and quicker. In some cases, even trying to wipe fingerprints clean from a crime scene may not work. Not only has the technology for collecting fingerprint evidence improved, but the technology used to match fingerprints to those in the existing database has been significantly improved. Advance Fingerprint Identification Technology In 2011, the FBI launched its Advance Fingerprint Identification Technology (AFIT) system which enhanced fingerprint and latent print processing services. The system increased the accuracy and daily processing capacity of the agency and also improved the systems availability. The AFIT system implemented a new fingerprint matching algorithm which increased the accuracy of fingerprint matching from 92% to more than 99.6%, according to the FBI. During the first five days of operation, AFIT matched more than 900 fingerprints that were not matched using the old system. With AFIT on board, the agency has been able to reduce the number of required manual fingerprint reviews by 90%. Prints From Metal Objects In 2008, scientists at the University of Leicester in Great Britain developed a technique that will enhance fingerprints on metal objects from small shell casings to large machine guns. They found that chemical deposits that form fingerprints have electrical insulating characteristics, which can block electric current even if the fingerprint material is very thin, only nanometers thick. By using electric currents to deposit a colored electro-active film which shows up in the bare regions between the fingerprint deposits, researchers can create a negative image of the print in what is known as an  electrochromic image. According to the Leicester forensic scientists, this method is so sensitive it can even detect fingerprints from metal objects even if they have been wiped off or even washed off with soapy water. Color-Changing Florescent Film Since 2008, Professor Robert Hillman and his Leicester associates have further enhanced their process by adding fluorophore molecules to the film which is sensitive to light and ultra-violet rays. Basically, the fluorescent film gives scientist and extra tool in developing contrasting colors of latent fingerprints - electrochromic and fluorescence. The fluorescent film provides a third color that can be adjusted to develop a high-contrast fingerprint image. Micro-X-Ray Florescence The development of the Leicester process followed a 2005 discovery by University of California scientists working at Los Alamos National Laboratory using micro-X-ray fluorescence, or MXRF, to develop fingerprint imaging. MXRF detects the sodium, potassium and chlorine elements present in salts, as well as many other elements  if they are present in the fingerprints. The elements are detected as a function of their location on a surface, making it possible to see a fingerprint where the salts have been deposited in the patterns of fingerprints, the lines called friction ridges by forensic scientists. MXRF actually detects the sodium, potassium and chlorine elements present in those salts, as well as many other elements, if they are present in the fingerprints. The elements are detected as a function of their location on a surface, making it possible to see a fingerprint where the salts have been deposited in the patterns of fingerprints, the lines called friction ridges by forensic scientists. Noninvasive Procedure The technique has several advantages over traditional fingerprint detection methods that involve treating the suspect area with powders, liquids, or vapors in order to add color to the fingerprint so that it can be easily seen and photographed. Using traditional fingerprint contrast enhancement, it is sometimes difficult to detect fingerprints present on certain substances, such as multicolored backgrounds, fibrous papers and textiles, wood, leather, plastic, adhesives and human skin. The MXRF technique eliminates that problem and is noninvasive, meaning a fingerprint analyzed by the method is left pristine for examination by other methods like DNA extraction. Los Alamos scientist Christopher Worley said MXRF is not a panacea for detecting all fingerprints  since some fingerprints will not contain enough detectable elements to be seen. However, it is envisioned as a viable companion to the use of traditional contrast enhancement techniques at crime scenes, since it does not require any chemical treatment steps, which are not only time consuming  but can permanently alter the evidence. Forensic Science Advances While many advances have been made in the field of forensic DNA evidence, science continues to make progress in the field of fingerprinting development and collection, making it increasing more probably that should a criminal leave  behind any evidence at all at the crime scene, he will be identified. New fingerprint technology has increased the likelihood of investigators developing evidence that will withstand challenges in court.

Explore the Local Group of Galaxies

Explore the Local Group of Galaxies Our planet orbits a star inhabiting an immense spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. We can see the Milky Way as part of our night sky. It looks like a faint band of light running through the sky. From our vantage point, its tough to tell that were actually inside a galaxy, and that conundrum had astronomers puzzled until the early years of the 20th Century. In the 1920s, astronomers discussed strange spiral nebulae they were seeing in photographic plates. Theyd been known to exist since at least the mid 1800s, when Lord Rosse (William Parsons) began finding these objects through his telescope. By the early 20th century, some scientists held the view that these spirals are simply part of our own galaxy. Others maintained that they are individual galaxies outside the Milky Way. When Edwin P. Hubble observed a variable star in a distant spiral nebula and measured its distance, he discovered its galaxy was not part of our own. It was a momentous finding and led to the discovery of other galaxies in our nearby neighborhood, including the members of the Local Group. An artists concept of what our galaxy looks like from outside. Note the bar across the center and the two main arms, plus smaller ones. NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESO/R. Hurt The Milky Way is one of about fifty galaxies in the group. Its not the largest spiral; that would be the Andromeda Galaxy. There are also many smaller ones, including oddly shaped  Large Magellanic Cloud and its sibling the Small Magellanic Cloud, along with some dwarfs in elliptical shapes. The Local Group members are bound together by their mutual gravitational attraction and they stick together quite well. Most galaxies in the universe are  accelerating away from us, driven by the action of dark energy, but  the Milky Way and the rest of the Local Group family are close enough together that they stick together through the force of gravity. A graphical representation of the Local Group of galaxies, including our own. It contains at least 54 individual members. Antonio Ciccolella, CC BY-SA 4.0 Local Group Stats Each galaxy in the Local Group has its own size, shape, and defining characteristics. The galaxies in the Local group take up a region of space about 10 million light-years across. And, the group is actually part of an even larger group of galaxies known as the Local Supercluster. It contains many other groups of galaxies, including the Virgo Cluster, which lies about 65 million light-years away. The Major Players of the Local Group There are two galaxies that dominate the local group: our host galaxy, the Milky Way, and the Andromeda galaxy. It lies some two and a half million light-years away from us. Both are barred spiral galaxies and almost all of the other galaxies in the local group are bound gravitationally to one or the other, with a few exceptions. Andromeda and the Milky Way are the two largest members of the local group. In the distant future, they will be colliding. This artists concept shows that collision from the point of view of a planet in the Milky Way. Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger Milky Way Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Milky Way galaxy include a number of dwarf galaxies, which are smaller stellar cities that have spherical or irregular shapes. They include: Sagittarius Dwarf GalaxyLarge and Small Magellanic CloudsCanis Major DwarfUrsa Minor DwarfDraco DwarfCarina DwarfSextans DwarfSculptor DwarfFornax DwarfLeo ILeo IIUrsa Major I DwarfUrsa Major II Dwarf Andromeda Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Andromeda galaxy are: M32M110NGC 147NGC 185Andromeda IAndromeda IIAndromeda IIIAndromeda IVAndromeda VAndromeda VIAndromeda VIIAndromeda VIIIAndromeda IXAndromeda XAndromeda XIAndromeda XIIAndromeda XIIIAndromeda XIVAndromeda XVAndromeda XVIAndromeda XVIIAndromeda XVIIIAndromeda XIXAndromeda XXTriangulum Galaxy (third-largest galaxy in the local group)Pisces Dwarf (unclear if it is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy or the Triangulum Galaxy) Other Galaxies in the Local Group There some oddball galaxies in the Local Group that may not be gravitationally bound to either the Andromeda or the Milky Way galaxies. Astronomers generally lump them together as part of the neighborhood, although they are not official members of the Local Group.   The galaxies NGC 3109, Sextans A and the Antlia Dwarf all appear to be gravitationally interacting but are otherwise unbound to any other galaxies. This member of the Local Group is called NGC 3109, as seen by the Galaxy Explorer spacecraft. It may be interacting with another nearby galaxy. NASA/GALEX   There are other nearby galaxies that do not seem to be interacting with any of the above groups of galaxies. They include some nearby dwarfs and irregulars. Others are being cannibalized by the Milky Way in an ongoing cycle of growth that all galaxies experience.   Galactic Mergers Galaxies in close proximity to each other can interact in colossal  mergers if conditions are right. Their gravitational pull on each other leads to a close interaction or an actual merger. Some galaxies mentioned here have and will continue to change over time precisely because they are locked in gravitational dances with each other. As they interact they can rip each other apart. This action - the dance of the galaxies -   significantly alters their shapes. In some cases, the collisions end up with one galaxy absorbing another. In fact, the Milky Way is in the process of cannibalizing a number of dwarf galaxies.   A group of interacting galaxies as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will continue to eat up other galaxies as time goes by. This appears to be what has happened to create most (if not all) of the galaxies we see today. In the distant past, smaller ones merged to become larger ones. Large spirals then merge and create ellipticals. Its a sequence that has been observed throughout the evolution of the universe. Will Mergers in the Local Group Affect Earth? Certainly the ongoing mergers will continue to reshape the Local Group galaxies, changing their shapes and sizes. The ongoing evolution of galaixes will almost certainly affect the Milky Way, even as it goes about gobbling up smaller galaxies. For example, theres some evidence the Magellanic Clouds might merge with the Milky Way. And, in the distant future  Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide to create a large elliptical galaxy that astronomers have nicknamed Milkdromeda. This collision will commence in a few billion years and radically alter the shapes of both galaxies as the gravitational dance commences. Fast Facts: The Local Group The Milky Way is part of the Local Group of galaxies.The Local Group has at least 54 members.The largest member of the Local Group is the Andromeda Galaxy. Sources Frommert, Hartmut, and Christine Kronberg. â€Å"The Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  Messiers Telescopes, www.messier.seds.org/more/local.html.NASA, NASA, imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html.â€Å"The Universe within 5 Million Light YearsThe Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram, www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/localgr.html. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Journey in the Faculty of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey in the Faculty of Education - Essay Example From the knowledge and experience that I had gained I provided my students with study materials, answered their queries, conducted tests to ascertain their level of understanding of the subject and finally assessed the student’s performance. In addition to my principle role as an educator I also donned the role of a counselor and I strongly believe that through counseling teachers can develop reciprocal and supportive relations with students. From my experience I have learnt that in some cases teachers are expected to intervene and solve some problems connected with the student’s personal life due to its influence on the student’s academic performance. Being a counselor also implies giving the right motivation and encouragement to students. However, at times problems can arise if a student misunderstands such an encouragement from teachers and get too personal with the teacher. At such situations, I believe that it is the concerned teacher’s responsibility to make the student understand the limits of their relationship by effectively communicating their views. This would help to provide the right motivations for the students and prevent any form of deviant behavior. Such clarifications will make the educational process more effective and at the same time enjoyable for both the student and the teacher. It is common knowledge that a teacher’s roles is to be a bridge to the community. Apart from imparting academic knowledge, building character and behavior of the students, I also strongly believe that teachers need to teach community and societal responsibilities to their students. Teachers must teach their students to stick to the rules and norms of the society and community in which they live and duly perform their responsibilities. They should also provide moral and ethical underpinnings of life to their students. This would help children grow in to socially responsible individuals and prevent

Security of our nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security of our nation - Essay Example As a direct result of the fact that an increased level of interconnectedness and communication links diverse communities and individuals the world over, the nature and scope of existing threats to national security it might be posed by elements that would wish to do the United States harm has been drastically increased. Yet, in order to more completely understand the issues relating to domestic and international eavesdropping/spying that has been proven to exist by the leaks of whistleblower Edward Snowden and others, the following analysis will focus upon the key issues, the stakeholders involved within the scope of this espionage, and the technology involved. By regarding these issues and focusing on the political and ethical ramifications that these issues entail, the analysis will be able to pinpoint the way in which this issue is currently defined. Firstly, with regards to the key issues, it can be understood that the right and expectation to privacy is the first and most presci ent of all. Whereas constitutional scholars have argued for decades over whether or not the Constitution in and of itself guarantees or somehow implies a right to privacy, the fact of the matter is that this has come to be something of an expected norm within the American society and the way of life. As such, the revelations concerning the fact that millions upon millions of phone calls, emails, instant messages, social networks, chats, texts, and web searches are stored and analyzed by a litany of different computer algorithms and analysts has rekindled the debate and focused many individuals upon the key issue of privacy and the means through which personal information can or should be intercepted in the name of national security (Hill 19). The second key issue that exists within this particular analysis is whether or not a domestic spy agency is allowed to intercept communications of American citizens if these communications are not taking place between the individual and someone outside the country and/or taking place between American citizen and an individual who is a suspect or person of interest with regards to national security. This is the more ignored aspect of the debate. Ultimately, the intelligence agencies within the United States, the CIA, the DIA, the NSA, and a litany of others, are all bound by a central and constraining rubric. This central rubric concerns the fact that these agencies are not allowed to spy on United States is within the United States. However, the revelations of whistleblower Edward Snowden point to the fact that agency such as the NSA have flagrantly been ignoring this rule for years. In seeking to gain a greater deal of understanding with regards to the stakeholders of this particular issue, the reader can come to a simple understanding; that each and every individual within the United States and throughout the world is impacted by the actions that are being taken by the National Security Agency and other intelligence gro ups are tracking, recording, and monitoring the communications of individuals around the globe. This delineation of â€Å"everyone† as a potential stakeholder in this process is underscored by the fact that recent documentation and revelations by Edward Snowden and others have pointed to the fact that the information of

Clinical immunology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Clinical immunology - Essay Example The allergen specific test is conducted using IgE antibodies which are found in mucous membranes, lungs and even the skin. The skin prick test on the other hand is external and more of an observation of the skin’s reaction to the allergens therefore house dust termites allergen cannot be detected through it (Sicherer,2012). Question 3 The major allergens in milk are casein and whey which are the components of milk that trigger reaction with the IgE. In peanut, there is the Ara h1 which is contained in the cotyledon and looks like vicilin (Tan , Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella , 2012). Peanut and tree nuts may both test positive to a test but this does not necessarily mean that the said person is allergic to both since there are false positives. This means the child can test positive but still eat the food without having any problem. It is a kind of seed storage that triggers the reaction with IgE. In eggs, there are the ovamucoid and ovalbumin which have been identified as the maj or allergens, there are lesser ones. These two are found in the egg white (Bellanti, 2011). Question 4 Th-2 cells triggers the activation of mast cells, B cells and eosinophils that produce IgE antibodies. Th-2 produces IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and it also regulates eosinophil and B cell mediated responses. IL-17 is a group of cytokines that support inflammation that are produced by activated memory cells. This cytokine takes part in the creation of an immunological response that is dependent on Th-2 cells. This happens through the introduction of cytokines derived by Th-2 (Tan, Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella, 2012).This is supported by the inflammation of the eosiniphil. The characteristics of response induced by different IL-17 all comes down to their structure. These differences therefore determine their functions biologically. Question 5 Histamine is organic and also a nitrogen compound that is normally involved in immune responses and it also regulates the physiological functions o f the gut. It activates inflammatory response when it acts as a neurotransmitter. Basophils produce histamine and by studying their release assay, the physician is able to determine the main allergy/asthma.PGD2 binds to receptor PTGDR and CRTH2; it is produced by mast cells and is very critical when it comes to the development of asthma and other allergic diseases. This makes it an important aspect when treatment of an allergy victim is done. The release assay can show the intensity of the allergy hence helping the physician determine the best medication or therapy. Eosinophil Cationic Protein can also be called ribonuclease 3 and is related to allergies because when an allergic reaction occurs, there number of ECP in the body rises significantly especially in areas with inflammations. Question 6 Hygiene hypothesis states that when one is not exposed to infectious agents at an early childhood stage, their chances of being susceptible to allergic diseases since the development of the ir immune system is suppressed hence making them have an immune system that can barely defend the body (Tan , Lebeck & Nehlsen-Cannarella , 2012).The polarized response by Th1 is not introduced to the system early enough

Feminism and Pop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Feminism and Pop Culture - Research Paper Example The title of the song speaks well of women’s independence. Females do not always need to depend on men to accomplish their daily tasks. Unlike the old days, womenfolk can be trusted to handle financial issues at home. It is not only the men who can analyze where funds go and how to make worthwhile investments. They have become more open-minded about what they are capable of, as well as braver in trying out the possibilities of their chosen pursuits. By the 20th century, women in many countries had gained the right to vote and advanced their status in politics and education. In the 1980s, there were already women doctors, lawyers, and engineers, though few in number as compared to men. In fact, according to Discovery, â€Å"over half of college graduates are women in 1986†. Many of them also pursued higher education in law, business, and medicine. In fact, the first lines are already poignant regarding how times have changed in treating the so called â€Å"fairer sex†. For instance, in the line, â€Å" so we’re comin’ out of the kitchen†, it means that those days where wives are just locked up at home doing household chores are already history. Indeed, a number of women nowadays are breadwinners along with their husbands. For some, their husbands are the ones in charge of household chores. In a report on comparing women and men’s salaries from 1980 to 1986, it was found out that although men, in general, had higher salaries, women were able to enjoy more frequent promotions and higher percentages of pay increase. (Gerhart and Milkovich 2). It further explained that one of the main causes for their income progress was high performance ratings. However, the reason why many of them could receive promotion was because most were employed in lower levels, thus, making the chances for elevation bi gger. On the other hand, this is related to a recent article which was just published last November 13, 2011, in Mail Online. It says, â€Å"one woman in five now earns more than her husband or boyfriend† (Barrow). The study suggests that the percentage of females having higher salaries as compared to their partners will continue to increase. Though this statistics is based on United Kingdom population, this reflects the worldwide shift that

Create Writing Assignment and Grading Rubric for it Coursework

Create Writing Assignment and Grading Rubric for it - Coursework Example The main character was hugely affected by the process of confinement and torture. What role does psychology play in the analysis, understanding and relationship of the main character? During this era of feminism, John, the character’s husband contributed towards the attitude of men towards women. How does this attitude of machismo affect the character? How does it define the role of the character after the tumultuous relationship is observed? The paper should be 3 pages maximum. All the queries should be answered in precise and concise judgments that draw clear examples from the short story. American Psychological Association (APA) format, 6th edition should be effectively utilized in this written assignment. A succinct thesis statement will form the backdrop of the assignment. It is crucial to ensure that the thesis statement adequately maps out the direction of the written responses at each and every step. The essay should be as descriptive as possible, analyzing all written facts and presented evidences in line with the paper instructions. The main short story to be used in this analysis is Yellow Wallpaper. No other text other than the one mentioned should be used. Ensure accurate use of APA (6th edition), and in-text citations that include page

Transitions of Culture and Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Transitions of Culture and Identity - Essay Example Proctor quotes James Clifford who said that â€Å"Once traveling is foregrounded as a cultural practice then dwelling too, needs to be reconceived†. The concept of traveling has redefined the ways in which home is an influence. As well, the difference between where one declares to be home and where one has traveled must be defined in order to situate the way in which one’s culture will be expressed. The difference depends on the identity that one decides to live within. If one has been raised on a Caribbean Island and has then moved to Britain, the question of identity has no real relevance to the official and legal place of residence.In contrast, it is possible to abandon the beliefs and traditions of home and to decide to adopt British traditions in order to fully integrate. Most often, it is somewhere in-between. The questions then become: Where does the naturalized culture stop and the adopted culture begin? What now defines the identity?The attachment to the concep t of home is married to the concept of the fear of homelessness. The need for home is as much about the fear of not having a home as it is about the existence of the dwelling itself. The problem with being ‘homeless’ is more than just not having an adequate roof and a place to put one’s things, but it is a sense of disconnection, the existence without roots and foundation. To be ‘home’ is to be in a place where one belongs, but to be homeless is to be within a space where there is not real social connection to the world.

Feminism and Pop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Feminism and Pop Culture - Research Paper Example The title of the song speaks well of women’s independence. Females do not always need to depend on men to accomplish their daily tasks. Unlike the old days, womenfolk can be trusted to handle financial issues at home. It is not only the men who can analyze where funds go and how to make worthwhile investments. They have become more open-minded about what they are capable of, as well as braver in trying out the possibilities of their chosen pursuits. By the 20th century, women in many countries had gained the right to vote and advanced their status in politics and education. In the 1980s, there were already women doctors, lawyers, and engineers, though few in number as compared to men. In fact, according to Discovery, â€Å"over half of college graduates are women in 1986†. Many of them also pursued higher education in law, business, and medicine. In fact, the first lines are already poignant regarding how times have changed in treating the so called â€Å"fairer sex†. For instance, in the line, â€Å" so we’re comin’ out of the kitchen†, it means that those days where wives are just locked up at home doing household chores are already history. Indeed, a number of women nowadays are breadwinners along with their husbands. For some, their husbands are the ones in charge of household chores. In a report on comparing women and men’s salaries from 1980 to 1986, it was found out that although men, in general, had higher salaries, women were able to enjoy more frequent promotions and higher percentages of pay increase. (Gerhart and Milkovich 2). It further explained that one of the main causes for their income progress was high performance ratings. However, the reason why many of them could receive promotion was because most were employed in lower levels, thus, making the chances for elevation bi gger. On the other hand, this is related to a recent article which was just published last November 13, 2011, in Mail Online. It says, â€Å"one woman in five now earns more than her husband or boyfriend† (Barrow). The study suggests that the percentage of females having higher salaries as compared to their partners will continue to increase. Though this statistics is based on United Kingdom population, this reflects the worldwide shift that

Transitions of Culture and Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Transitions of Culture and Identity - Essay Example Proctor quotes James Clifford who said that â€Å"Once traveling is foregrounded as a cultural practice then dwelling too, needs to be reconceived†. The concept of traveling has redefined the ways in which home is an influence. As well, the difference between where one declares to be home and where one has traveled must be defined in order to situate the way in which one’s culture will be expressed. The difference depends on the identity that one decides to live within. If one has been raised on a Caribbean Island and has then moved to Britain, the question of identity has no real relevance to the official and legal place of residence.In contrast, it is possible to abandon the beliefs and traditions of home and to decide to adopt British traditions in order to fully integrate. Most often, it is somewhere in-between. The questions then become: Where does the naturalized culture stop and the adopted culture begin? What now defines the identity?The attachment to the concep t of home is married to the concept of the fear of homelessness. The need for home is as much about the fear of not having a home as it is about the existence of the dwelling itself. The problem with being ‘homeless’ is more than just not having an adequate roof and a place to put one’s things, but it is a sense of disconnection, the existence without roots and foundation. To be ‘home’ is to be in a place where one belongs, but to be homeless is to be within a space where there is not real social connection to the world.

National Geographic Essay Example for Free

National Geographic Essay The first website is the National Geographic (www.nationalgeographic.com), which is very diverse in terms of the topics it features and discusses on their site. It talks about the environment, humanity, history, entertainment, and travel. Due to the variety of topics, the website caters to everyone and anyone who seek reliable information. Five topics were researched including the brain, heart, skin, digestive system, and lungs. The search was very easy because the website has its search option where users can type what they are looking for and the website will generate the nearest results that it can find. Other topics can also be accessed with ease because the website features hyperlinks on the left side and on top, which are very easy to find. For the topics that were researched, images and graphics were available for users to understand the topic better. It also has a â€Å"Daily News† section, which features the latest news about the environment, space, and people. The website does not contain any grammatical errors and information are organized in such a way that they fall in the proper category. It also posts contact information so that users can contact the company if they want to research more or if they want to verify what they have learned. Considering that National Geographic is a known company with its own television channel, it is not hard for users to trust the content of its website. The website is very easy to navigate and it presents everything in such a way that users would not question the contents. For those who would use the website to research on educational topics, they would certainly find useful and accurate information because the National Geographic is known to conduct researches, documentaries, and studies. The company consults professionals and specialists to make sure that everything they post are correct and accurate. Wellness. com is a community for people who want to learn more about wellness and improve their lifestyles. It is also a place where people who have knowledge about wellness and healthy living can share what they know to those who want to obtain information. According to the website, it aims to create a place where people can obtain wellness information that can be trusted and used by everyone. In terms of evaluating the website for its accuracy and reliability, it can be said that the website can probably do better. Much of the information posted can be questioned because the authors are the members of the community and everyone just shares information with each other through the site’s forums. The members can post blogs about different topics, mostly about simple things like lying to get treatment for menopause, self-criticism, and breast cancer. The website has its search option that would return results from the site’s blogs and forums. Due to the importance of obtaining health-related information only from professionals, the website lists providers by category. Users are also given the option to search a provider by name. Information on health is categorized and listed alphabetically so that users do not have a hard time finding specific topics. It also offers wellness information for pets so that users who have pets have a place to gather information. Multimedia content is not available in this website and there are not much images featured. However, to compensate for its cons, the website has its contact page where people can contact the organization if they have any inquiries or recommendations. Overall, it is not a great place to obtain accurate information but it is a good place to find people who share the same experiences and thoughts. If a person wants to find a community to belong to in terms of wellness and health, then Wellness. com is the right place to go.

The Evolution of Cosmetic Surgery

The Evolution of Cosmetic Surgery For the past few decades, the evolution of beauty has brought a huge metamorphosis in peoples perspective about their appearance. People are more concern about their outer beauty than anything else. This is not only limited for woman but man at this decade of century has brain washed and actively involved themselves in this culture too, which is camouflaging imperfections. A survey had found out that man in US had spent $4.8 million on grooming products in year 2006 and there was an increase of 42% from year 2001 to year 2006 (Forbes, 2007). In addition, in this beauty-obsessed society, there are also people who choose to go under knife for an enthralling body feature. Cosmetic surgery has become one of the most popular trends all over the world. One might ask, what is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic surgery is an aesthetic surgery that performed to improve appearance, rather than for medical reasons (thefreedictionary.com, 2003). Whenever you read newspaper, magazine or switch on the television, you are likely to see something which is related to cosmetic surgery. Reality TV shows such as Extreme Makeover, MTV series I Want a Famous Face, Italian show Scalpel: Nobodys Perfect and Foxs The Swan have also lead to an overwhelming popularity on cosmetic surgery especially among young boys and girls who are dissatisfied with their current look and want to look posh and perky like a pop star. According to Elsevier, the TV shows have lead youngster to have cosmetic surgery and American Society of Plastic Surgeons (2007) study proves that 57% of patients who chose to undergo cosmetic surgery were high-intensity viewers of reality TV shows related to cosmetic surgery. Moreover, for country like Korea, undergoes cosmetic surgery is a culture and they known it as The Korean Way (Yoo, J., n.d.). Most of the young generation today will go under knife in order to pursuit perfect beauty and this can be proven by a study con ducted by Korean Plastic Surgery (2009). The study shows that eight out of 10 Korean women over the age of 18 feel they need cosmetic surgery, and one out of two has undergone Korean plastic surgery at least once. American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) Reports (2007) also shows that cosmetic plastic surgery has increased 69% in the first decade of new millennium and in year 2009, there were 210,000 cosmetic surgery procedures were performed on teenagers from age 13 to 19 (Thompson, V., 2010). It goes without saying that cosmetic surgery has become so commonplace that the age of patient involved in the cosmetic surgery getting younger and younger. Teens often have unreal expectations. They are not satisfy with their appearance and intend to have glamorous beauty and flawless look. Ergo, teens go for cosmetic surgery and treat it as a godsend. For instance, Kate (2008) had a breast implant when she was 19 years old. In year 2008, Queensland, a state in Australia had banned teenagers under 18 from having surgery for purely cosmetic reason (ABC News, 2008) as there is a distinct sociological trend towards valuing beauty which leads to an increase in cosmetic surgery among teenagers. The question is, is it worth for teens to go under knife in pursuit of perfect beauty? The truth is teenagers should be discouraged to go for cosmetic surgery as it comes at risk. Besides, they are far more too young for that as it might interrupt emotional and physical maturity and it is a high-priced procedure. This research is not confined in certain countries only but all around the world. 2.0 Body of Content 2.1 Cosmetic Surgery carries some risks of harm physically and mentally, even of death. Opponents of the statement claim that cosmetic surgery is extremely safe with the help of advance technology and medication. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) reckons that the mortality rate of cosmetic surgery is the lowest among all the surgical procedures. Roughly around 1.754 ÃÆ'- %, which is one in 57,000 procedures, while according to the study conducted by medical journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the death rate is slightly higher, which is one in 51, 459 operations. Furthermore, adverse party also states that modern anesthesia is safe despite of the story you heard before. This is due to certain reasons, for example, qualified anesthesiologist, excellent surgeon and modern equipments used in the operating room. There is nothing wrong with wanting to become beautiful or perfect. However, undergoing cosmetic surgery should not be one of the options. Supporters of this argument claim that the statement cosmetic surgery is extremely safe with the help of advance technology and medication is a falsehood. Cosmetic surgery is still a surgery which carries out in the operating room and they believe that every surgical carries some common risks. Plastic Surgery Los Angeles pointed out that there can be complications to any surgery even though you are operated by a professional and qualified cosmetic surgeon. The most common complications is the used of general anesthesia. Anesthesia brings serious health effects; patients may experience drowsiness, feeble or weary for few days after having general anesthesia. According to Cassidy P. (2008), seven to 12% of total cosmetic surgeries had been reported of death as a result of cosmetic surgery complications. The Star (2008) had reported that Datin Fatimah Wan Chik, wife of former Labuan MP, Datuk Suhaili Abdul Rahman had died due to cosmetic surgery complications. Besides, infection and bleeding are also one of the most obvious shortcomings not only in cosmetic surgery but in all kind of surgical processes. There will be two in every 10 patients who suffered from infection and bleeding, which is 20%. Sometimes, scarring can happen due to bacteria attack. Bacteria can enter the body during surgery or after surgery through suture, drain sides and open wounds. Surprisingly, cosmetic surgery acts like drugs, it has the potential to cause addiction (iloveindia.com, n.d.) especially for those who started to go under knife at young age. Psychologist had found out that most of the people who underwent cosmetic surgery were most likely to suffer from oppressive emotional and psychological disturbance. Doctor Iqbal Ahmed (2010) asserts that seven to 15% of patients who underwent cosmetic surgery will entrap into the psychological abysm of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). BDD is a mental disorder characterized by distorted body image and obsessions about perceived physical shortcomings (Dictionary.com, 2011). Those who suffered from BDD will tend to undergo a lot of cosmetic surgeries from surgeon to surgeon. However, the patients will never satisfy with their appearance and think that their body image is so distorted that it will never get fixed by one cosmetic surgery. This disorder can also known as mirror lies. When they look into the mirror, t hey will never see themselves in the right size or feature even though actually they are just nice. Thus, teens should be discouraged to go for cosmetic surgery as it comes with risks and if there was a faulty, they will regret for their entire life. 2.2 Cosmetic Surgery interrupts teens physical and emotional maturity. Opponents of the issue insist that cosmetic surgery not only improves ones self image but also boost their self-esteem at the same time. To illustrate, Caitlin Clemons, 18, describes that she will go for cosmetic surgery and believes that cosmetic surgery will boost her self-esteem as she knows how cosmetic surgery can magically change her life after seeing her sister and mother underwent breast enlargement and how happy they are after the surgery (cited by Thompson, V., 2010). In addition, some also believe that the capabilities in cosmetic surgery await for all those who would like to see a better version of themselves physically and mentally. Opponents of this argument maybe correct, cosmetic surgery will boost self-esteem and indirectly increase their level of happiness. However, these modifications tend to be short lived. Most of the people who have cosmetic surgery tend to experience an increase in level of happiness for one or two years, after which they return to their previous level of happiness and are about as happy as they were before the surgery. This theory same goes to the lottery winners. Hence, the emotional effect of cosmetic surgery can only last for short period of time. 43% of the ladies interviewed stated that they would offer surgery for their kids if their look was the main reason of why they were being bullied (Leaton, R., 2011). This statement is pretty pathetic as the supporters of the issue believe that surely there are other non-invasive ways to help the teens to boost their self-esteem so that they can stand up and deal with bullies. Self-esteem is based upon how you feel and think about yourself and not merely according to ones appearance. Karen Batchelor (2010), a speaker on social media and midlife issues once said that, When you develop your inner beauty, your physical beauty seems to miraculously improve as well!. Hence, cosmetic surgery should not be seen as a quick fix to boost self-esteem and confidence because true confidence comes from inner personality and not outward appearance. It is also worth mentioning that in some cases, cosmetic surgery actually lowers ones self-esteem and level of happiness. Surgeons note that once a person alters one part of their body, they begin to look at flaws in other part of the body. This can make a person fells less happy with their body than before they had any surgery and therefore, lowering in level of self-esteem happens (eruptingmind.com, 2011). In fact, the greatest failing in cosmetic surgery lies in a persons potential inability to raise their self-image to match their new look. The tendency to look to superficial treatments such as cosmetic surgery merely reflects an unwillingness to look within. To be sure, cosmetic surgery can only solve the problem temporarily and meanwhile it actually worsens the situation. Therefore, it is clear that cosmetic surgery interrupts the development of teens mental maturity. Furthermore, supporters of the statement also assert that cosmetic surgery disrupts teens natural growth. Teenagers have immature body which is not fully develop as human body will only fully develop at the age of 25. For instance, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh has spoken out about teenagers who choose plastic surgery, saying that deciding to go under the knife is a decision best left until one is an adult. (BellaSugar, 2007). Teens are still growing, thus cosmetic surgery should not be an option for them as firstly, it can cause growth retardation, its dangerous and its unnecessary. If they waited until 25 years old, they might satisfy with their body during that time as their body is fully developed. In year 2008, Australias health minister also conceded that teenagers are still growing and they are still developing. They should not have a body shape-changing procedure until their growth is completed. This statement can be clearly proved to be true when Queensland banned teenagers under 18 years old from having cosmetic surgery (ABC News, 2008). In short, teenagers should be discouraged to go under knife to pursuit perfect beauty when perfect is undefined. Besides, it only provides temporarily emotional relief and satisfaction. On top of that, cosmetic surgery causes growth retardation. 2.3 Cosmetic Surgery is a high-priced procedure. Those who do not share the view that cosmetic surgery is a high-priced procedure point out that the price of cosmetic surgery worth the outcomes and it is permanent. Moreover, according to Hilton, many discount price cosmetic surgeons that claim to offer professional service for a low price have begun to show up all over the country (cited in 123HelpMe.com, n.d.). 2.3.1 Unlicensed Cosmetic practitioners However, the problem is, most of these doctors are not properly trained to perform such drastic cosmetic surgery. In addition to that, Davis claims that a doctor can attend a conference in a hotel for few hours to learn how to perform cosmetic surgeries such as liposuction, breast enlargement, rhinoplasty and etc. Other than that, The Cosmetic Surgery Directory'(n.d) also states that they had discovered an extensive black market for cosmetic surgeries. For example, a 46 year-old woman died as a result of a black market cosmetic procedure in which cooking oil was injected into her body by an unlicensed surgeon who promised a cheap alternative way to legitimate procedure. So, professional service is just a falsehood. Hence, this is undeniable that it is extremely risky when a doctor is not properly trained and certified and this would be the main reason why the service is at low cost. 2.3.2 Cosmetic Surgery strains familys financial resources According to a study conducted by American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) (n.d.), in year 2009, the top cosmetic surgeries done by teenagers were breast enlargement, rhinoplasty, eyelid surgery, liposuction and lastly, abdominoplasty. Below are the prices for top five cosmetic surgeries. Type of Cosmetic Surgery Cost (MYR) Breast Enlargement 17,000 Rhinoplasty 7,000 Eyelid Surgery 1,600 3,700 Liposuction 5,000 Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck) 18,000 Source: Health Horizon Holidays, Malaysia. From the above information, it can be clearly seen that cosmetic surgery is an expensive procedure. According to an article posted in THEEDGE MALAYSIA on 24th November 2008, the average nominal household income in year 2007 was RM 3,617 per capita and the real household income grew at 0.9% per year. Thus, it goes without saying that teens who wanted to go under knife will definitely put a huge strain on the family budget, particularly when the cost exceeds the estimation. Furthermore, Gred C. Pacher (n.d.) added that the estimated cost usually is just for the procedure along and the anesthesia fee is excluded. If there were complications, hospital stay may be to be extended and there is a cost to post operative care including post-op medications. On top of that, with the exception of reconstructive surgery, elective cosmetic surgery is not covered by insurance and all of these strain the familys financial resources. Moreover, there are also some cases that teenagers go into debt in order to obtain perfect nose or stomach which can lead to serious financial problems. On the whole, teenagers should be discouraged from having cosmetic surgery as it not only burdens the family of teens who undergoes the surgery but also put them in unnecessary situation when dealing with nasty recovery time. 3.0 Conclusion In a nutshell, cosmetic surgery had grown six-fold in the past ten years. No longer restricted to rich or famous, cosmetic surgery is now within the middle-class and even teenagers. Cosmetic surgery has become so popular that even the kids know what that is and the main purpose of having cosmetic surgery. However, is this good to the society and to the teens themselves? The answer is definitely no as the disadvantages of cosmetic surgery often outweight its advantages especially when the protagonist is teenager. Some might ask, why is this so? Firstly, cosmetic surgery carries some risk of harm physically and mentally, even of death. Besides, it not only interrupts teens physical and emotional maturity but also burdens the teens family who choose to undergo cosmetic procedure. Thus, it is clear that teens should be discouraged to go under knife in pursuit of perfect beauty. 4.0 Recommendation In this beauty-obsessed society, outward appearance has played an important role in everyones life especially among teenagers who do not satisfy with their body and face feature. Despite cosmetic surgery, teens can choose to go for exercise and follow a healthy diet if they feel that their body is not perfect. Besides, teenagers can also put on some make-up so that they will look better and more energetic. If compared to cosmetic surgery, exercise and cosmetic product are definitely cheaper than cosmetic surgery and it is more healthy and deso not cause any harm to human body. Furthermore, government should take the initiative to ban teenagers from cosmetic surgery and cosmetic surgery tourism should be demolished.

Admissions Essay - Yo Soy El Chinito! :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Yo Soy El Chinito! The following is an account of a day in my life. It begins with a dream: "Andale, es todo," I say (All right, that's it!). "The medication is bringing your blood pressure back to normal. You'll be fine. By the way, how are the kids?" I pat my patient Pancho, a farm laborer, on his brawny shoulder and escort him down the hallway of the Mendota Clinic. I wake up. Lying in bed, I contemplate how vividly my dream depicts the future I aspire to: administering primary care in Mendota, a small farming community in central California where I grew up. Mendota is populated mostly by Hispanics. I remember how everyone called me "el chinito" (the little Chinese), and knew my family because we were the only Chinese family in town. In high school, I observed many physicians come and go at the Mendota Clinic where I volunteered; those departed did not speak Spanish or have extensive exposure to Hispanic culture. Moreover, I was saddened because I saw many people, particularly migrant farm workers, succumb to preventable diseases. In spite of persistent signs of illness, most of them went without treatment because they lacked health insurance or were unwilling to visit a doctor for fear of what they might discover. Members of underserved communities, such as Mendota, require more than a well-trained physician if they are to receive the health ca re they need. They need a physician who is also trustworthy, affable, and understanding of their plight: a friend. I yearn to be that person serving in Mendota. After brunch, I go to the gym, although today I do not plan to work out. Winston, a wheelchair-bound 45 year old who suffers from cerebellar myoclonus, awaits me to assist him with his workout and shower, as he has for the past four years. Winston's neurological disease, since its onset during his college years, has prevented him from properly coordinating his movements and fully contracting his voluntary muscles. Over time, the disease has progressively robbed him of the physiological functions which most people take for granted in daily life--such as the ability to see clearly, pronounce words accurately, and walk. Seeing Winston's favorite blue plaid shirt invokes my recollection of our first encounter. I was working out when I saw Winston slip from one of the weight machines. Admissions Essay - Yo Soy El Chinito! :: Medicine College Admissions Essays Admissions Essay - Yo Soy El Chinito! The following is an account of a day in my life. It begins with a dream: "Andale, es todo," I say (All right, that's it!). "The medication is bringing your blood pressure back to normal. You'll be fine. By the way, how are the kids?" I pat my patient Pancho, a farm laborer, on his brawny shoulder and escort him down the hallway of the Mendota Clinic. I wake up. Lying in bed, I contemplate how vividly my dream depicts the future I aspire to: administering primary care in Mendota, a small farming community in central California where I grew up. Mendota is populated mostly by Hispanics. I remember how everyone called me "el chinito" (the little Chinese), and knew my family because we were the only Chinese family in town. In high school, I observed many physicians come and go at the Mendota Clinic where I volunteered; those departed did not speak Spanish or have extensive exposure to Hispanic culture. Moreover, I was saddened because I saw many people, particularly migrant farm workers, succumb to preventable diseases. In spite of persistent signs of illness, most of them went without treatment because they lacked health insurance or were unwilling to visit a doctor for fear of what they might discover. Members of underserved communities, such as Mendota, require more than a well-trained physician if they are to receive the health ca re they need. They need a physician who is also trustworthy, affable, and understanding of their plight: a friend. I yearn to be that person serving in Mendota. After brunch, I go to the gym, although today I do not plan to work out. Winston, a wheelchair-bound 45 year old who suffers from cerebellar myoclonus, awaits me to assist him with his workout and shower, as he has for the past four years. Winston's neurological disease, since its onset during his college years, has prevented him from properly coordinating his movements and fully contracting his voluntary muscles. Over time, the disease has progressively robbed him of the physiological functions which most people take for granted in daily life--such as the ability to see clearly, pronounce words accurately, and walk. Seeing Winston's favorite blue plaid shirt invokes my recollection of our first encounter. I was working out when I saw Winston slip from one of the weight machines.

Free College Admissions Essays: Summer Camp Entrepreneur :: College Admissions Essays

Summer Camp Entrepreneur The first wedding that I planned was in no way a traditional wedding. Ten eager little girls decorated the printed invitations with sequins, buttons, and markers. The same energetic hands prepared the wedding feast, consisting of bagged lunches, blintz soufflé, and of course a layer cake. On the big day I looked around with excitement. Again, I noticed something odd about this wedding. All the participants and guests appeared about four feet high. The "groom" had long hair pinned up with brown lines on her face (was that supposed to be a beard?) The wedding location, a back yard with a swing set and a wading pool, seemed far from romantic. This wedding however was not supposed to be one of those types of weddings. As I pressed the "PLAY" button on the tape recorder I knew that ten 4-6-year-old girls cared deeply about this wedding. Despite the absence of a reason for celebration, I pulled all the girls into the circle and we started dancing and clapping to the music. The energ y that went into the preparation on previous days could finally be appreciated. My campers and I not only celebrated the accomplishment of the mock wedding, we celebrated the fun and excitement we experienced for the first three weeks in Camp Glitter Girls. I had begun preparing for Camp Glitter Girls over four months before by budgeting, sending out fliers, confirming registration and finally making sure that every camper would have the time of her life. As I danced, I celebrated the times I almost lost my patience but didn't, the times that I planned activities late into the night because I knew that only an organized schedule would ensure the success of my camp. The lessons I had learned from previous summer camps contributed greatly to this camp's success. At the age of thirteen, I first ran a camp for eight children. The next year a friend and I co-managed a camp for twenty children at a small school campus. Finally at the age of fifteen I created my most challenging summer camp with thirty-five children. In just three years the size of my camp tripled and so did the life lessons. I not only carried the responsibility for my own "bunk," but with my co-manager I hired other counselors, arranged busing to and from field trips, managed a $15,000 budget, and ensured that thirty-five children had a fun summer.

Food Inc Movie Monsanto Essay

Food, Inc. reveals the shocking truths about the food and food chain that America eats. It narrates the industrial production of meat (chicken, beef, and pork), grains and vegetables (primarily corn and soybeans) and lastly about the major food corporations involved. The movie makes us aware about the food that we eat, the hidden politics about the production systems and economic and legal power that the food companies possess. As the film advances, it demonstrates the rise of current method of raw food production as a response to the growth of the fast food industry of the 50’s as compared to traditional methods. It makes a strong point by highlighting that a few multinational corporations who dominate the modern food chain and its production have skewed interests. The emphasis of these food corporations like Monsanto is on business and profitability rather than food quality or health and safety – of the food itself, of the animals produced themselves, of the workers on the assembly lines, and of the consumers actually eating the food. Production of large quantities of food at low direct inputs (most often subsidized) result in enormous profits, which in turn marks greater domination of the global supply of food sources by selected few food corporations. The government conveniently overlooks the power exercised by the food companies in pursuit of cheaper food regardless the negative repercussions. Regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA, sparing from the public eye give their consents to the food corporations such as Monsanto, to manipulate with the public health in exchange of bigger returns. The government approved bigger-breasted chickens, the perfect pork chop, insecticide-resistant soybean seeds, tomatoes that will not go bad are the negative gifts presented by these corporations. Companies like Monsanto throw more science at the problems to bandage the issues instead of uprooting the problem. As a result, new strains of E. coli- the harmful bacteria that causes illness for an estimated 73,000 Americans annually have emerged due to the inappropriate business behavior of the food corporations. The increasing obesity levels, particularly among children, and an epidemic level of diabetes among adults is a gift from the food corporations.

Extraction and Evaporation Recrystallization Essay

1. To the components of a simulated pharmaceutical preparation, Panacetin, and identifying the unknown component of the mixture through extraction and separation methods. 2. To learn how to purify by recrystallization, how to dry them and how to obtain a melting point. PRECAUTION: ACETANILIDE AND PHENACETIN ARE EYE AND SKIN IRRITANTS. Minimize contact with your unknown compound. THEORY: In this experiment, Panacetin, a pharmaceutical preparation will be separated from its components by making use of their solubilities and acid-base properties. Panacetin contains aspirin, sucrose and an unknown component that may be either acetanilide or phenacetin. Of the three components, only sucrose is insoluble in the organic solvent dichloromethane (CH2Cl2 or methylene chloride). The insoluble sucrose can be filtered out if Panacetin is dissolved completely in dichloromethane by gravity filtration or centrifugation leaving the soluble aspirin, acetanilide and phenacetin in the solution. Although the acetanilide and aspirin are both quite insoluble in water at room temperature, the sodium salt of aspirin is very soluble in water but insoluble in dichloromethane. Aspirin, which is a strong acid can be converted to the salt, sodium acetylsalicylate by extraction with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate . This salt will migrate from the dichloromethane layer, in which it is insoluble, to the aqueous layer, in which it is soluble. The unknown component will stay behind in the solution  and can be isolated by evaporating the solvent from the dichloromethane solution. Adding HCl to the aqueous solution restores aspirin as an insoluble white solid. In the third experiment, the identity of the unknown component of Panacetin will be purified. Purification is necessary because the separation procedure may be imperfect leaving traces of small quantities in the compound after separation or chemical reactions may occur prior to or during the separation adding new impurities. The unknown component can be purified by recrystallization, in which an impure solid dissolves in a hot (usually boiling) solvent then crystallizes from the cooled solution in a purer form. METHODS/PROCEDURES: This experiment was followed from the textbook on pages 52-53 for experiment 2 and 59-60 for experiment 3 excluding the microscale part. First, weigh approximately 3.00 g of Panacetin and transfer it to a clean, dry 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add 50 ml of dichloromethane to the flask , stir the mixture with a stirring rod to break up any lumps. When it appears that no more of the solid will dissolve, filter the mixture by gravity. Collect the undissolved solid on the filter paper and set it aside to dry. Once it has completely dried, reweigh the solid. This compound separated by gravity  filtration is known as sucrose. Next, transfer the filtrate to a separatory funnel and extract it with two 30 ml portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate . For each extraction, use a stirring rod to stir the liquid layer until any fizzing subsides before a stopper is placed on the funnel and shaken. Dichloromethane will be on the bottom layer and will be drained to a different container. Transfer the dichloromethane layer back into the funnel for the second extraction. The upper layer will be transferred in an Erlenmeyer flask and will be used for recovery of acetanilide. Combine the two aqueous solutions in the same container and acidify slowly with 6M HCL to bring it to a pH of 2. Cool the mixture to room temperature or below while swirling the flask occasionally in an ice bath. Collect the aspirin by vacuum filtration. Wash the aspirin on the filter with cold distilled water. Dry the sample thoroughly before weighing and leave it in the hood for the next lab schedule. Before proceeding to recrystallization, triturate the compound with 20 ml of hexane. Crush the solid with a stirring rod and filter. Recrystallize the unknown drug component from experiment 2 by boiling it with just enough water to dissolve it completely, then letting it cool to room temperature then to 0 C. In order to induce crystallization, it would be helpful to scratch the walls of the flask so that crystals would have a surface to attach to. Use vacuum filtration to isolate the sample then dry the product to a constant mass and weigh in a tared vial. Grind a small amount of the dry unknown component to a fine powder on a watch glass using a spatula. Divide the solid into four equal portions. Combine portions 1 and 2. Mix portion 3 with an approximately equal amount of finely ground acetanilide and mix portion 4 with an approximately equal amount of finely ground phenacetin. Obtain the melting point ranges of the purified unknown (portions 1 and 2), mixture with acetanilide and mixture with phenacetin. Each melting point should be measured on two samples- more than that if melting points are imprecise or accurate. Safety Issues: (all of these are taken from MSDSonline.com) 1. Acetanilide Potential Acute Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Potential Chronic Health Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). 2. Phenacetin Eye and skin irritant 3. Dichloromethane Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to respiratory tract. Has a strong narcotic effect with symptoms of mental confusion, light-headedness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and headache. Causes formation of carbon monoxide in blood which affects cardiovascular system and central nervous system. Continued exposure may cause increased light-headedness, staggering, unconsciousness, and even death. Exposure may make the symptoms of angina (chest pains) worse. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract with vomiting. If vomiting results in aspiration, chemical pneumonia could follow. Absorption through gastrointestinal tract may produce symptoms of central nervous system depression ranging from light headedness to unconsciousness. Skin Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain. Prolonged contact can cause burns. Liquid degreases the skin. May be absorbed through skin. Eye Contact: Vapors can cause eye irritation. Contact can produce pain, inflammation and temporal eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Can cause headache, mental confusion, depression, liver effects, kidney effects, bronchitis, loss of appetite, nausea, lack of balance, and visual disturbances. Can cause dermatitis upon prolonged skin contact. Methylene chloride may cause cancer in humans. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, impaired liver, kidney, respiratory or cardiovascular function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. 4. Aspirin Eye Contact: Moderate Eye Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, tearing, and blurred or hazy vision. Skin Contact: Moderate Skin Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include localized redness, swelling, itching, and dryness. May be absorbed through skin and cause target organ effects. Inhalation: No health effects are expected. Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed. Gastrointestinal Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. Repeated ingestion may cause: May be absorbed following ingestion and cause target organ effects. Target Organ Effects: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause: Auditory Effects: Signs/symptoms may include hearing impairment, balance dysfunction and ringing in the ears. Clotting Disorders: Signs/symptoms may include increased blood clotting time and internal bleeding (hemorrhage). Liver Effects: Signs/symptoms may include loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, abdominal tenderness and jaundice. Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression: Signs/symptoms may include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, nausea, slowed reaction time, slurred  speech, giddiness, and unconsciousness. Kidney Effects: Signs/symptoms may include reduced or absent urine production, increased serum creatinine, lower back pain, increased protein in urine, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Pulmonary Edema: Signs/symptoms may include chest discomfort, shortness of breath, significant cough with frothy sputum production, bluish colored skin (cyanosis), increased heart rate, respiratory failure and may be fatal. Single exposure may cause: Immunological Effects: Signs/symptoms may include alterations in the number of circulating immune cells, allergic skin and /or respiratory reaction, and changes in immune function. 5. Sodium Bicarbonate EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Warning! May cause respiratory tract irritation. Causes eye and skin irritation. Target Organs: Blood, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, skin. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract irritation. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. Adverse reproductive effects have been reported in animals. Laboratory experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects. Chronic exposure may cause blood effects. 6. Hydrochloric Acid POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Inhalation: May cause irritation (possibly severe), chemical burns, and pulmonary edema. Skin contact: May cause irritation (possibly severe) and chemical burns. Eye contact: May cause irritation (possibly severe), chemical burns, eye damage, and blindness. Ingestion: Not a likely route of exposure. Target Organs Effected: Respiratory System, Skin, Eye Chronic Effects: Repeated or prolonged exposure to dilute solutions may result in dermatitis. Discoloration of the teeth may occur as a result of long term exposure. Interaction with Other Chemicals Which Enhance Toxicity: None known Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure: None known OBSERVATIONS/RESULTS: In Experiment 2, the extraction of substances from one another is based on the differences in their physical and chemical properties. Approximately, 3.0029 g of panacetin was weighed and completely dissolved in 50 ml of dichloromethane and filtered. The residue was left to dry and weighed (sucrose). Then 30 ml of NaHCO3 was added to the filtrate. This solution was transferred into a separatory funnel. This formed two layers. Top layer was the organic layer (NaHCO3) described as a clear liquid. Bottom layer was the aqueous layer and was yellow in color. The filtrate was washed twice with NaHCO3. HCl was added to the aqueous solution until the pH equaled to 2.0. It was filtered through vacuum filtration and allowed to dry until the next week’s lab. This filtrate is known as aspirin. Meanwhile, the unknown in the organic layer was also allowed to settle for the next experiment. In experiment 3, before we went to do recrystallization, we first did trituration of the unknown by adding 20 ml of hexane. We crushed the solid and filtered. Even with the addition of approximately 27 ml of boiling water into the compound, it started to dissolve. That was the first clue that we have acetanilide as our unknown. We went ahead and continue heating and swirling the solution over a hot plate. There was the formation of brown oil-like globules. We were then asked to decant the clear liquid from this solution. This clear liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature then to 0 C. There was formation of white crystals at the edge of the beaker. Through vacuum filtration, we were able to filter the product, weighed and used for melting point measurement of the unknown. The solid was divided into 4 equal parts. First 2 parts were combined, 3rd part was mixed with acetanilide and the last part was mixed with phenacetin. After taking the melting points of all these 3 substances we were able to identify the unknown product to be acetanilide. No big issues encountered during this experiment. Transferring some products as well as the final crystals from watch glass and filter paper and leaving some products were crucial to get the most final product. This explains why the percent recovery for the unknown was low. Some crystals fell off or didn’t transfer to the filter paper. Even though the % recovery was relatively low (88.4079%), this experiment still produced a 0.6898 g of product. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This experiment was focused on two main objectives. First, the analysis of panacetin to find out what percentages of sucrose, aspirin and the unknown component it contains. Second, to find out whether the unknown is acetanilide and phenacetin. A big part of the composition of panacetin was made up of the unknown. We were able to determine the composition of sucrose to be 17.95 %, Aspirin 26.93% and the unknown to be 55.12% After following the experiment procedures, we were able to purify through recrystallization the end product to be acetanilide. This is an odorless white crystalline solid substance which has a melting point of 114 C. Our experimental value for acetanilide’s melting point was 117 which indicates that the result had a very narrow range and close to the literature value. I would therefore conclude that we had isolated a close to pure product of acetanilide with little impurities present. 1. a. Describe any evidence that a chemical reaction occurred when you added 6 M HCl to the solution of sodium acetylsalicylate A chemical reaction took place upon the addition of 6M HCl to a solution of sodium acetylsalicylate because a precipitate formed known as aspirin. b. Explain why the changes that you observed took place. The observed change took place as a result of the acid reacting with the salt forming a compound insoluble in water. 2. Describe any explain the possible effect on your results of the following experimental errors or variations. In each case, specify the component (s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low. a. After adding dichloromethane to Panacetin, you didn’t stir or shake the mixture long enough Improper stirring or shaking of the mixture will result in incomplete dissolution of the panacetin mixture. There will be loss of some solid analytes during filtration. The recovered amounts will be lower than they should be leading to a final percentage to be low. b. During the NaHCO3 extraction you failed to mix the aqueous and organic layers thoroughly. If the aqueous and organic layers were not thoroughly mixed the acid would remain in the solution and the extraction would be less efficient resulting to a low percentage yield. c. You mistakenly extracted the dichloromethane solution with 5 % HCl rather than 5 % NaHCO3. If 5% HCl is used instead of 5% NaHCO3 that would protonate the aspirin and keep it in the organic solution making the aspirin, acetylsalicyclic acid. d. Instead of using pH paper, you neutralized the sodium bicarbonate solution to pH 7 using litmus paper At ph7 the bicarbonate wouldn’t be able to act as a base and extract a proton because at pH of 7 it would protonate itself so it wouldn’t be able to react with aspirin. 5. Write a balanced reaction equations for the reactions involved a. When aspirin dissolves in aqueous NaHCO3 C9H8O4 (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) —–> C9H7O4Na (aq) + CO2 + H2O Weak acid weak base Strong Base Strong acid b. When Aspirin is precipitated from a sodium acetylsalicylate solution by HCL C9H7O4Na + HCl ————-ËÆ' C9H8O4 + NaCl Strong Base Strong acid Weak Acid Weak Base Assuming that both reactions are spontaneous under the standard conditions, label the stronger acid, stronger base, weaker acid and weaker base in each equation. Experiment 3 1. a. What is the minimum volume of boiling water needed to dissolve 0.200 g of phenacetin? b. About how much phenacetin will remain dissolved when the water is cooled to room temperature? c. Calculate the maximum mass of solid (undissolved) phenacetin that can be recovered when the cooled solution is filtered. 0.200 g-0.0125 g (amount soluble in cold water)= 0.1875 g 2. An unknown compound X is one of the four compounds listed in table 3.2. A mixture of X with benzoic acid melts at 89 C, a mixture of X with phenyl succinate melts at 120  °C and a mixture of X with m-aminophenol melts at 102  °C. Give the identity of X and explain your reasoning. X is phenyl succinate. When a compound mixes with a different compound, the melting point of the mixture will be lower than the melting points of either of the pure compounds. Basing from the table, the melting point of pure benzoic acid is 121 C but when mixed to X, it went down to 89 C. Likewise with O-toluic acid and m-aminophenol. Since the melting point of mixture X with phenyl succinate has a melting point of 120 C, the melting point of pure X must be equal or closer to 121. Mixing X with phenyl succinate did not change the melting point thus X must be phenyl succinate.