The comparison of numeracy learning and development Essay

The comparison of numeracy learning and develop handst - Essay ExampleThe newspaper tells that there is a widespread interest in improving mathematics achievements in schools across the world. Apart from economic benefits of mathematics, such as preparing young men and women for the numeracy requirements of the modern workplaces, and improving the skill levels of the personnel, there are social benefits tied to bettering access for many young people to training opportunities and post school development and laying firm foundations to skills for womb-to-tomb learning. The interest in heightening levels of achievement has resulted in a focus on recognizing the range of factors that determine achievement as well as interpreting how these factors operate to enhance or limit the achievement of varied groups of students. In this case study project, the researcher will involve two students, namely Christopher and tail end. Christopher has a British background, and he is a gifted learner. He understands the background meaning and culture of a variety of questions. Christopher is a unshakable learner, and he always finds a hard time with curriculum demands as well as teachers because they comfortably cater for students with normal learning abilities. John is a Vietnamese who is in England for his studies. He has been in England for five ane year and he has a problem with understanding position language, especially in speaking. John does not understand the cultural context of a variety of mathematical questions, and he is in need of constant assistance with understanding key English words. ... ied at the age of 20 years, and his academic studies stopped for about five years, after which he enrolled into a higher learning institution to study bundle Security Course. He sired his first child eight years after marriage and, later, after two years, he sired another child. The second child had or so mental disability, which called for more care. He took most of his ti me taking care of his disabled daughter, but he continued with his studies on the part time basis. Christopher resolute to enrol on the numeracy level 1 in order to better his numeracy skills because he encountered many calculations including daily purchases. He passed well in level one examination and proceeded to numeracy level two. According to the results of his initial diagnostic test, he had a spiky profile. He excellently understood many topics, and at the same time, it was voiceless for him to understand other topics regarding numeracy. However, he committed himself to understand the difficult areas, which resulted to a substantial improvement and success in his level 1 examinations. Now, when he proceeded to numeracy level 2, all topics became equally manageable. It was easier for Christopher to understand every topic because he had gone through the English Education System. His accent and approach enabled him to do well in numeracy because he could ask the lecturer for clarification every time he experienced a problem. When I started to teach in Christophers class, Christopher experienced some problems regarding my teaching methods as well as my accent. This was because my approaches were significantly different from the approached that the previous teachers employed in teaching. Therefore, he failed to understand some key concepts concerning numeracy. I did not hesitate to set him

The relationship between multifunctional firms, the state and Essay

The relationship amidst multifunctional firms, the state and socio-economic development in Germany and Britain - Essay Example on that point is a need for the firms to reach internal equity and consistency (Allin, 1999, p. 319), because it is the way to decrease tensions between the firm and the market (socio-economic factors, respectively). There atomic number 18 different tensions in British HRM practices. This country, as well as Germany operates under conditions of too intense relations. There is a little percent of communicative approach in the British multi-national firms. There is a wide discussion with regards to firms of HI from Germany and Britain. Different researches and studies in this field underline that German labor system is not reflected as is in these studies and MNCs in HI are often misinterpreted (Royle, 1999c, p. 541). German companies describe their operation within the country in the following way workers cannot consume personnel insurance according to thei r individual tastes (Royle, 1999c, p. 542). That is why it is necessary to talk about external pressures exerted on MNCs in HI. There are many difficulties, when we analyze the relations between the state and the MNCs. Developed countries, such as Britain and Germany cannot contribute much into restructuring of their operations in the market, because of their conservative governments. Too rigid programs and strategies at the governmental level are reflected in the internal operations of the MNCs. In case with British Multi-national firms, it should be noted that the aspect of recruitment is one of the main important concerns. There is a need to focus on personal skills and concerns. In order to restructure the system of rewards in the country, it should be noted that appropriate laws are introduced at the governmental level (Briscoe, Randall,... This paper talks about interactions, that emerges between international companies, that conduct their activity in the hospitality industry, and governments of the respective states, where the companies operate. Effects of the socio-economic factors on that relationship are considered.The basic function of hospitality is to establish a relationship or to promote exchange of goods and services, both material and symbolic, between those who give hospitality (hosts) and those who imbibe itMulti-national firms of HI are usually competing about their employees, who require special skills and knowledge. Moreover, country regulations may exert influence on operation of the country and reflect in low salaries, ineffective compensation system and other negative outcomes. There is a need for the government to take into account the concepts of convergence-divergence and develop appropriate strategies for managers in order they could prepare labor force, which I the most relevant to a certain industryGlobalization experiences of labour market in Britain and Germany reflect processes of annoyed changes and uncertainties. HR manage rs of multi-national firms develop their creative potential and skills in order to deal with constraints and choices related to product and labour markets, organizational status and structure, size of workplace and refining . The current negative outcome of multi-national firms operating in HI is the lack of considerations about labour efficiency or employment.

Investigating the Sources and Use of Financial Information in the Essay

Investigating the Sources and Use of Financial Information in the Management of prison house - Essay ExampleThe interrogation proposal is set to investigate the sources and use of monetary information in the management of the prison service in England and Wales. justification There are various sources and uses of financial information in the management of an organization. However, these sources and uses differ from one organization to the other. Financial information is significant to an organization because it assists in rating the performance of the organization. The information also assists in improving financial auditing and management of the organization. Proper management is the key element to the success of any organization. The research is of great importance because it will help the prisons and the government to conduct duties efficiently. Thus, knowing the sources and uses of the financial information will help the government and the prison department in better managem ent of the prison services in England and Wales. Review of Literature The main purpose of the Prison Service in England and Wales is to offer services to the humans by keeping in custody those who have committed crimes looking after these individuals humanely and assisting them to lead useful and law-abiding lives during custody and after release. In order to support this purpose, the Prison Service has four objectives to securely hold the prisoners, to minimize the possibility of prisoner re-offending, to offer well-ordered and safe establishments in which to do the prisoners decently, lawfully, and humanely, and to offer an effective escort and custody service to criminal courts (Cope 2010, pix). Her Majestys Prison Service (HMPS) runs 127 prisons and training centres throughout Wales and England. In a sum of key areas, all the 127 prisons run independently with no centralized oversight and operations. The prison service lacks a shared system for the management of procurement, human resources, and pay (Hp 2009, p1). Each of the prison maintains its own exclusive financial system. Data tracking, software, and the staff responsible for handling finances and inputting data vary at each location. Thus, HMPS does not have access to the organization wide view of the finances. Therefore, the prison service has found it difficult to measure its performance, enhance financial auditing, and target areas to minimize cost (Hp 2009, p2). In the past few years, HMPS installed an Oracle-based financial system to centralize its financial reporting and accounting, and also to offer a wide and encompassing image of the financial activities of the prison service. This ensures that the personnel from various facilities and departments are conscious of the financial impacts when making decisions. Higher quality data management and improved transparency and a give focus of the finance resources on exceptional financial issues have led to the realization of the mentioned bene fits (Hp 2009, p7). Improved financial transparency and accessibility of timely and meaningful financial data or information across the organization has enhanced decision-making thus, has led to better operational performance (Oracle 2009, p2). The United Kingdom (UK) sector has undergone significant changes in risk management. The UK criminological research on the prisons has not explored the manner in which the general corporate governance and the financial management at various levels of the prison sector, have been

A dance with the devil Essay Example for Free

A dance with the devil EssayWhen I was a little girl, my grandmother would always identify me stories. Some of her stories were for the purpose of scaring me. I dont mean just to frighten me, exclusively to actually scare me out of doing bad things. This is because, of course, my grandmother didnt want anything to happen to her little kids. One of her stories was when she was a young girl her mother didnt let her go out, but she still went out. As she was mien to the party the devil stood in her way, and who knows what extra details my grandmother added. There was one story though that she swore was true and very close to home.The year was 1975 thither was a young woman who lived in San Antonio, Texas. She was a shy kind of girl, a homebody so to speak. Her friends were the ones known to go out every pass dancing, but she was different. So one night, her friends pressured her to go out. She wasnt really up for it. She had a bad feeling about it actually. Nonetheless she stil l got all dress up and went out. Once she got to El Camaroncito Night Club, she felt out of place. Her friends were off dancing with partners they had found. This was art object she was left off on the side like a wallflower.See more Homeless satire essayThere was a turning point in the night though. It was the moment that a young bragging(a) man walked. He automatically grabbed every womens attention. He was dressed in all white, and was a brilliant dancer. He wooed numerous of the ladies in the room, while the young lady stared in astonishment. Mid song he caught the young woman staring at him. Their eyes locked as he slow approached her done the crowd. He asked her to dance and off they went. Together they danced so gracefully, it was as if they were floating in the air. Inevitably everyone stared at them.They gathitherd in a circle close to them, hypnotized by their dance. Time seemed to have slowed down, but the music was as loud as ever. The handsome man grabbed her by the waist and pulled her closer. Together they spun and spun. At this point, the young girl was finally glad she went out. She was having fun, with a handsome man. But little did she know of what was to occur. As they spun into the center of the dance floor, they spun faster and faster. It looked as if they were losing control. today everyone really looked directly at them.They began to levitate into the air and it was as if there was a spotlight on them. They both were in the air now slowly spinning now. He was now smiling while she looked unconscious, her head pulled back. The mans shoes had disappeared and in their place was a chicken foot and a hoof as his feet. The sign of the devil. Woman began screaming in horror as everyone began to evacuate. There was no time, the lights went out. As the lights came on the woman laid there on the floor motionless, she was dead. And the man had entirely vanished.Only a strong smell of sulfur remained, which is the smell of the devil. He was never to be seen again. The police were called but could not do anything. That is where the story ends. When I was a young girl this story scared me so much, but now it fascinates me. I dont know if it really is true or not, but I dont mind. I will say this though, I looked it up online and there were many articles on this story. Some details vary but for the most part they are all exactly the same story. It is up to you now to decide whether you conceptualise this or not

From the Middle Ages through the Renaissance Essay Example for Free

From the center(a) Ages through the Renaissance Essay blindists bringing designs, paintings, choreography and music to life shapes the history of the Middle Ages. Middle Ages began from the very earliest single digit centuries. Middle Ages and Renaissance Ages culture centered around religion. Religion was the purpose of only art. Artists living during the Middle and Renaissance ages created paintings, sculptures, music and other designs that were unique to their interpretations, relying on craft and communication. We should not assume that our priorities necessarily match those of the original patrons. (Goffen, 1999, p. 207) Two unforgettable Renaissance artworks are Michelangelos Pieta and Da Vincis Virgin of the Rocks. The marbled Pieta sculpture design is Mary holding her son Jesus, who passed away. This image immediately shocks the beauty and is not easily forgotten. After really looking at the sculpture, the viewer does not have to be familiar with the story to realize an unusual meat is coming through. The point of the work was to engender empathic meditation and devotion on the part of the viewer. (Kieran, 2004, p. 169)Marys facial expressions are calm, relaxed, untypical for a mother who lost her child. The fully grown adult child Mary is holding would be as big as her, if not bigger. To make the unthought-of sculpture look realistic or proportioned, the artists relied on light colors and unusual sizing of objects. Marys body is bigger than the mans body. (Kieran, 2004, P. 41) Further bringing the entire picture into perspective, the size of the arched window encasing Mary and Jesus, surrounding Marys upper body offsets illusions of sizes. http//enwikipedia. org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)Analyzations of Da Vincis art goes on indefinitely. His Virgin of the Rocks shows baby Christ and St John. The picture is conceived in a mood of great solemnity. The children no longer play as equals (Clark, 1939, p. 45) cocker Jesus sits independently with two hands bringing focus that he is guided by higher beings invisible to homo perceptions. St John is limited to human protection or guidance. (Clark, 1939). The artists used darkened tone colors enhancing mystical moods that are unknown to humans.Natural earth content consists of nature made subjects. The linguistic context is taking place in a miniature cave allowing the trees blending with the sky to be visible. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks All types of art influences and guides human behavior, within reason. Religion is the background purpose for the invention and creative experimenting with art. Creative art encouraging individualism began in the Middle ages, and lead us into the Renaissance ages. Todays art, sculptures, plays and designer is modern reinventions of artwork originating during the middle ages.References Clark, K. (1939). Leonardo Da Vinci An Account of His Development as an Artist. New York Macmillan. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from Q uestia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=6598638 Goffen, R. (1999). Behind the Picture Art and Evidence in the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance Quarterly, 52(1), 207. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001255997 Kieran, M. (2004). Revealing Art. New York Routledge. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst?a=od=108856090 Maes-Jelinek, H. (1997).Charting the Uncapturable in Wilson Harriss Writing. The Review of modern-day Fiction, 17(2), 90+. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000469960 OConnor, J. P. , Temple, V. A. (2005). Constraints and Facilitators for Physical Activity in Family Day Care. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(4), 1+. Retrieved March 1, 2008, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5012125114 Osmond, S. F. (1998, December). The Renaissance Mind Mirrored in

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller EssayThe theme of morals and guilt is explored by the characterization of John Proctor. Proctor is portrayed as existence around the age of thirty and a nearly-respected farmer in the t give births community. He is described as the kind of man- powerful of clay, even-tempered, and not easily led. From these descriptions, we recognize that he is a strong, calm individual who is quite cynical. As soon as Proctor appears in the play we see that he is very much in conflict with himself due to the terrible secret he conceals within the dark and forbidding chambers of his heart. A history of sin, which goes against every moral fibre of his body and the society in which he dwells. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion but against his own vision of powerful conduct. John Proctor is guilty of committing adultery with the young Abigail Williams while she was serving as a servant in his household and this has a great outcome on his conscience. Pro ctors conscience eats away at him throughout the play as it manifests itself into his relationship with people, especially his wife, Elizabeth.This is presented when Elizabeth states I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John- only somewhat bewildered. Here we see the idea of morality being reflected on a personal level, or Proctors conception of himself. He conceives himself as a blatant sinner because of his raw deeds, being his lechery. I blush for my sin, he admits to his wife.Overall, through the characterization of John Proctor the theme morals and guilt is presented and from this we see that his perception of right and wrong are decided by his own vision of decent conduct. Characterization is essential to the exploration and development of themes in The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The characterization of Rebecca Nurse explores the theme of evil. Abigail Williams explores the themes of evil as well as the p ower of fear and John Proctor explores the theme of morals and guilt. All these characters and many more help develop the themes within The Crucible.

Importance of Sex Education in Schools

Importance of Sex Education in SchoolsSex is a really complex proceeds to talk around, though it has both harmful effects and beneficial side effects that fuck encourage with the health of the body. young people often do not know what they are getting into when they take a leak premarital sex. Sexual activities are more common within teenagers from ages as early as 14 to 18 years, this could be because of trying to be popular in high train or simply because individuals regain left out from fri demises and to maintain that public chain with friends. Worst case scenario is because individuals try to forget previews relationships that had a tough breakup by using other individuals who are willing to accept and help a friend, because at the end of the road is where true friends are reveled. Although, pregnancy is more common around high school students because they tend to have tempestuous hormones and are not familiar on how to talk near it with an adult or to simply ask their parents about an advice. Thought parents take time and crusade trying to reinforced that connection with their children about affair that they need to be getting ready to learn and know. parents want their children to be well informed about sex, sexual health and relationships however, they want to be kept informed about school programHigh School teenagers are more common to have sexual activities throughout school than any other school grade, this being because of the benefits that this particular activity provides. Today in society we have all this pain phones and technology that we use in our daily lives and no function stop us from logging into the internet and search anything we want the answer to, in this case what near teenagers will search. What are the benefits of having sexual relationships? And what are side effects after acting this activity. Most of us as teenagers are s perplexityd or ability not have a fully understandable relationship with our parents to the p oint that we sackt ask them information about how to have save sex? Or When would be the best time to do it? And what are the things play offs need to consider when they are about to move on to the coterminous phase in their lives. However, the legal age of us depend on our buddies and we know the common word (hook up) because we all want to know more specific information about having sex with love ones. Though the lack of communication is making teenagers have more curiosity and having crazy hormones towards wanting to do something and not knowing how to prevent it which leads to the next phase of having sex at an early age. Most teenagers have a partner that they handout with and they enjoy being with, which makes them be more active and interact with them in all kinds of perspectives because they want to know each other more and give each other all they can possibly give.Further into this topic (sex) we know that pregnancy can be prevented, though sometimes males are scared to buy protection at local stores and gas stations because they feel like they are going to be misjudge by either cashiers or other members in the stores. Therefore, they take the risk of having unprotected sex with may lead into a pregnancy the beginning time of having sex. Their loved one which might lead to pregnancy and any other disease transmissions while performing inner course. Having a pregnancy while in high school, makes it more challenging for students to continue with their academics because now they will need to be taking care of the bleak baby and working will need to be a responsibility in order for the couple and the baby to maintain a rosy-cheeked life. Though throughout all of this new responsibilities, academics must still take place in order for that individual to graduate by the designated date. Is going to be tough and challenging to make this tough responsibility and keep moving forward, because to maintain a good stable status in high school and maintain a well-paid communication channel to support the new pregnant couple is going to require a lot of patience and commitment towards choosing what is going to be best for both the baby and the teenage mom. Teenagers havent done enough in their lives to be having children. Many teenagers only because they have a good stable job that takes care of them financially and maybe a car to be able to more around places is not all the requirements that a couple should have. Instead of honourable having money for on they will need to be able to afford the babys lifestyle which will require a lot of patient in the first place and also money to buy the food and all then nutrients the baby needs as well as the appointments with the doctor. Having a baby is not only a gift from god but it can be such a distraction while going to school and one thing that parents need to bring to the baby are diapers, wipers, clothes, towels, and all of their attention while there are babys because they cannot be ta king care of themselves and they cant depend on themselves, instead they referee to their parent by crying and showing them what they want because as babys they cannot communicate and they wont be able to do independent stuff.Choosing the rail at choice whether it is for not having a close communication with the parents, or not being taught and not buying protection because of what people say. Simply to forget other relationship, this could lead to no good because not being in love or comfortable with the other individual the relationship is not going to be good instead if they end up together because of a pregnancy this will only keep the couple together because of the baby itself and not because the couple want to be together and raise the baby together. All of this topics are highly common in teenagers and no matter which one it is at the end a baby is going to change everything, and is up to the new parents of the unborn baby to choose what is going to be best not just for the m but most importantly for the baby. Because of his/her innocence they dont know what is good or bad and is up to the new parentages to take their free time and apply it to all to their new baby.(Often, teens dont get prenatal care soon enough, which can lead to problems later on) this problem can be because of not having back up information about how to take care of themselves and thinking about the consequences before taking action to what they might regret later in life, as well as they can ask other grown-ups if the connection with their parents is weak. This results can lead to a more responsible and knowledgeable teenager, only by having that back grown knowledge can help prevent so many things while having any kind of sexual activities.WebsitesDye, Bruce A. Teenage Pregnancy Teen Pregnancy MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus Trusted Health nurture for You. U.S National Library or Medicine, 11 Aug. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. .Smith, Adam. Pregnancy Quotes. BrainyQuote. Xplore, 1 Jan. 20 01. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. .Gisel. Our Health, Our Futures Sexual Issues Teen Pregnancy, P. 6 Quotes. Our Health, Our Futures Sexual Issues Teen Pregnancy, P. 6 Quotes. Mary Robb Teague, 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. .Dyson, Sue. polish Parents and Sex Education. The Journal of Educational Sociology 8.6 (1935) 381. Department of Health. La Trobe University, 2010. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.The Only 12 Things You Really Need for a Baby. Scary Mommy. N.p., 20 Nov. 2016. Web. 09 Mar. 2017. .

The Wembley National Stadium Construction Essay

The Wembley National scene of action address of events EssayIt was built to be the new home of football game to be one of the largest and magnificent stadiums in the globe and designed to be state-of-the-art with a faging capacity of 90,000. Designed by the World Stadium Team led by Mott MacDonald, the Wembley Stadium now stands as the most expensive stadium ever built, the longest single-span roof structure in the world (315m), second largest stadium in Europe and the tallest in the world (133m) with ein truth seat under roof c all over.The concept was to build a state-of-the-art stadium, with none that lowlife compare any(prenominal)where else in the world. The new stadium has a partly retractable roof which can be adjusted to allow sunlight to reach all parts of the pitch. During bad weather, the roof can be retracted in about 15 minutes to cover every seat (http//www.designbuild-network.com/ intercommunicates/wembley/).120 million from the Lottery Fund was invested into the stadium with an additional loan of 426 million by West Deutsche Landesbank. A fixed price contract was reached between the leaf node and contractors. This made provision for a building toll of 352 million and total get a line costs of 757 million (Public Accounts Committee, 2004).However, like most iconic twist bedevils of national interest, the Wembley project was not spared its own share of controversies, accusations, rumours, anxieties and fascination. The Football connective (FA) must relieve oneself imagined a spectacular 2006 FA Cup grand finale, the biggest UK soccer variate of address at Wembley National Stadium. Unfortunately, this important event had to be moved all the way to Wales What was malign? Wembley Stadiums extraordinarily ambitious re-development was utterly behind schedule.The project subsequent opened in March 2007, almost a year behind schedule and 70million over budget and has since then kept some of the finest construction lawyers in constant employment.The Wembley Stadium concept was definitely ambitious and the product stands now impressively. Even more breathe taking is the 133m arch which when lit up at night shinning gloriously, and can even be seen across London. Wembley has indeed become Englands new icon of football.The client for the project was the Football Association (FA) working through its subsidiary the Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). The main contractor was multiplex Constructions with Mott MacDonald being the Lead Designers. The project utilise two project advisors Tropus at the sign stages (1997-2001) and Capita Symonds (2001-2006). The initial steel contractor was Cleveland Bridge2.0 Problems during the projectA litany of problems can be identified that bedevilled the construction of the Wembley Stadium mainly adversarial contracts, unreasonable risk allocation, cash-flow problems, design changes, unequal coifance, poor site counsel and litigations. These are presented in details belowDelay s and indecisiveness even before the project begun Plans for a new stadium were nettle with delays, focussing problems and increasing costs since celestial latitude 1996. The designs were revealed in 1999 and the stadium should vex been completed in 2003 but the work itself started only in September 2002 overdue to many political and financial problems. The project was finally rescheduled to complete in May 2006 (http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2119413.stm).Design Problems Multiplex argued that Mott MacDonalds design for the Wembley steel work was not fit for purpose and that the initial designs were not correct, constructible, co-ordinated and consistent. It further stated that Mott MacDonalds deficient design, trouble to warn and/or take action is shown in many thousands of individual acts or omissions (Technology and Construction Court (TCC), 2006).Scope Creep The initial scope was to accommodate athletics, rugby and football in the same stadium. This later became ver y controversial and consequented in the removal of athletics from the scheme in 1999, because of the technical and commercial challenges of accommodating the three sports at heart the same stadium. In December 2001, the scope was further changed with the removal of a hotel from the project, the expansion of hospitality suites and considerable changes to the north side of the stadium bowl. This took the Mott Consortium 7-8 months to redesign. These changes increased the cost of the project curiously in steel works (TCC, 2006).Procurement Issues In the conclusions of Public Accounts Committee (Eighth Report of Session 2003-04), it stated that Best procurement trust has not been followed on what is a high profile project Organisations responsible for managing projects should be expected to set out a formal procurement process, which treats all bidders equally to stave off giving any one a potential advantage over the others. It further criticised Wembley National Stadium Limited f or failing to follow a fine and overt formal procurement process and having dialogue with Multiplex prior to starting the procurement process. A report by former Wembley project autobus Tropus, said the appointment was made with undue speed. The James Report likewise concluded that there had been serious flaws in the procurement policies.(James Report, 2002)Poor Communication apart from the major changes in the scope of the works, Multiplexlamented not given access to vital design information which made them underprice the steelwork. Mott on the other spend thought Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been intimately involved in the design work. (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002)Poor Planning and plaque A surge of decisions seem to throw off been made hastily. No wonder several changes had to be made at later stages. When it became a prime documental to finish the project in while for the FA Cup finale in May 2006, efficiency and cost effectiveness became secondary issues. In my opinion, a bundle of problems could rent been avoided if Multiplex did not acquire to rush the job to meet unrealistic deadlines. Multiplex claims that it has sustained significant losses as a result of a multitude of breaches of contract and/or acts of negligence by the consultant, which had far-reaching do for Wembley (TCC, 2006 Baloch, 2008).Disputes and disagreements Cleveland Bridge (CB), the steel contractor terminated their contract in 2004 because they did not cerebrate they would be paid for materials and that there were seemingly insurmountable difficulties between them and Multiplex. A sustained input from a steelwork subcontractor could have greatly influenced the well-timed(a) completion of the project but eventually CB had to be replaced with all attending problems of a new project aggroup member.Health and Safety problems In March 2006, a fly-by-night roof support fell by over half resulting in t he evacuation of all construction workers and delay of work. Another accident occurred January 2004 resulting in the closing of one construction worker and the injury of another when a platform collapsed without warning, trapping the men underneath (http//www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wembley/)Poor Performance by Cleveland Bridge Delays were caused by CB as not all the steel sent to mainland China could be fabricated in time to comply with the programme. So the steel sent to China was often shipped back to England with most not fabricated. Furthermore the steel sent to site was often wanting(p) crucial pieces (meaning it could not be erected) or else was untagged with the consequence that site staff could not identify the relevant pieces of steel (TCC, 2006).Poor Supervision by Sports England The Government was less than happy with the level of supervision offered by Sport England. It stated that Sport Englands performance in monitoring the progress of the project has been lack, slovenly and supine. This ultimately resulted in supply aggroup missing the focal point of the project right from the beginning and before long, a lot was out of hand (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002).Poor Stakeholder focus In a avouchment by The House of Commons Culture, Media and Sports Committee, it infernald some of the problems encountered on the project on poor stakeholder management. It said, the project had been undermined by the fundamental failure to include all representatives at the outset in planning the redevelopment (www.publications.parliament.uk). The resignation of Ken Bates in 2001 as chairman of WNSL gives a further hint. He cited a lack of support from the board and that he had been undermined by senior figures within both the government and the FA. He remarkably said, Even Jesus saviour only had one Pontius Pilate I had a whole team of them. (www.forbes.com).3.0 The Problems Encountered The Role of pop out careProject Management (PM) is th e . . . application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to achieve project requirements. (PMBoK, 2004). This same theme runs through other standards for PM including BS6079 and ISO 10006. Suffice it for now to say that PM is the managerial responsibility and actions involved in completing a project on time, in budget and to the specified gauge standards, in accordance with the traditional performance criteria. The role of PM in the Wembley project bequeath now be appraised under some of the key knowledge areas identified in the PMBoK.3.1 Project Scope Management This involves developing a scope statement that will define the boundaries of the project and verify the amount of work to be done. PM uses such tools as brainstorming, fast diagrams, Value Management workshops to define the project. This is because if you have the wrong definition, you whitethorn come up with the right solution-to the wrong problem(Lewis, 2007). If scope definition is not holi stically carried out, major changes such as those experienced on Wembley may occur later and cause delays, cost variations leading to claims and litigations. This, I believe, was the akiles heel of this iconic project. Where change becomes inevitable, PM should manage them to protect the project from the effects of scope creep. Wembley failed in this area resulting in the considerable cost and time overruns. Lewis (2007) rightly said, I have become convinced that projects seldom fail at the end. Rather, they fail at the definition stage.3.2 Project Time Management PM adorns itself with yet another accolade of being able to efficaciously estimate time frame for projects realistically and defining work packages and milestone to achieve this target. It employs one of its popular tools of Critical Path Method and scheduling in this respect. Many softwares including Primavera and MS Project have also been developed to helped in the management of time. Kaming (1997), Elinwa (2001) and Ai bini (2006) however reveal that the occurrence of time overruns is high and that overruns can occur of projects irrespective of its size. Wembley was no exception. Some of the disputes, changes, cash flow problems, design problems etc. that caused resulted in the project being delivered in 10 months late and the subsequent changing of the FA Cup finals to Wales could have been avoided through effective project time management. PM should have helped to come out with a realistic duration for the project.3.3 Project Cost Management This involves estimating the cost of all resources and such things as travel and other support details. After this is done, costs are budgeted and tracked to keep the project within that budget (Rad, 2002). This is very important in PM as the first question most clients ask is how much will it cost? It is the duty of the PM to realistically square up what it will cost to achieve a particular scope. The tough question then arises. Was Wembleys initial cost o f 445million realistic? Why did cost rise astronomically to 757million at completion? The project even had to be stalled into injury time just to seek additional backing. Why couldnt PM prevent this? Much of the blame lies squarely on PMs failure to realistically estimate cost at blueprint.3.4 Project Communications Management This is the processes required to ensure timely and suspend generation, percolateion, dissemination, storage, and disposition of project information. (PMBoK, 2004). Multiplexclaims it was not given access to vital design information and that this led to increased steelwork costs. Mott MacDonald on the other hand dismisses this saying, Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been intimately involved in the design work (TCC, 2006). PM is supposed to create a smooth talk interface between all parties to forestall these misunderstandings.3.5 Project Procurement Management This helps in selecting the most approp riate contractors and suppliers, administers the contract as well as form the dress hat working relationships between all parties to achieve project goals. The Public Accounts Committee (2003-04), stated that Best procurement practice has not been followed on what is a high profile project PM should have also salvaged the problem between Mott, Cleveland and Multiplex before it got out of hand, resulting in Cleveland walking away from the project with its attending problems. More also, it is known that competitive tendering and cost as a selection criteria has produced poor results in construction over the years and PM should have helped in designing the best procurement approach to prevent the problems (Egan, 1998).The contract used for the project was fixed cost method in which the client smartly shirks risk to the contractor. This form of contract invariably results in creating an adversarial environment with where each party involved focuses their attentions on the needs and r isks of their businesses as opposed to those of the project (Morriss, P. and Hollis, A., 2005).This may well be another area that grossly affected the results on Wembley and effective PM should have prevented this.3.6 Stakeholder Management Freeman and McVea (2001) describe this function as looking out from the firm or project and identifying, and investing in all the relationships that will ensure long-term triumph. At concept stage, this is used to collect views of all interested parties, especially those of end users who usually hold vital information that may be critical to the design, function and success of a project. If this was effectively done, it would have prevented the acrimony that grew between some of the contractors and would have saved the project from unnecessary delays and increased cost of replacing Cleveland Bridge. It would have helped to produce the best modification design as well as sort out the fact that athletics, football and rugby in the same venue woul d present a lot of technical and functional difficulties at the design stage saving the project from about 8 months of redesign.3.7 Site Management Chan (1997) showed that out of 8 group factors that caused delays in construction projects, poor site management and supervision was amongst the top five. The accusations and counter-accusations during the hearing at the Technology and Construction Court between Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge gives us yet another glimpse into an area of failure of PM on Wembley. The site was poorly managed as it was littered with random pieces of steel that had been delivered in the wrong order and a significant quantity of steel was sitting on trailers adjacent to the site or around the perimeter. This had the potential of disrupting flow of activities and even do accidents (TCC, 2006).4.0 The Actions and MeasureS that should have been takenThe influential Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) reports called for new approaches to construction- one in which cli ent leadership is key and where there is greater collaborative working between firms within the construction supply chain. Egan summarised five key drivers of change namely committed leadership a focus on the customer integrated processes and teams a quality driven agenda and a commitment to people. Some of the necessary actions and measures that should have been taken is now presented below4.1 Key Client Leadership The new endpoint Five at Heathrow is a widely acclaimed example of current construction best practice. The approach was unique and tailored to the very needs of the project i.e. the client took a level of ownership of project so creating a choke vision for how it wanted the project delivered and also staying close enough to the project from bloodline to completion (Brady, 2008). Latham (1994) recommended that the client should be at the core of the construction process because clients essentially drive best practice. Egan (1998). The Client in the Wembley Stadium pro ject was the Football Association and thus should havestayed close enough to the project, monitoring it and to make sure things dont go out of handensured that major changes to the scope of works was frozen at a particular point on the project or avoided altogether. These changes often result in dispute, delays and extra expensemade sure that adequate funding was secured for the project before it even begun and that the estimation of both time and cost were realistically carried outcome out with clear, concise, realistic and unambiguous objectives at the conception of the project involving all necessary stakeholders so that major changes, such as those that were experienced, could be avoidedshared in risk of development/construction alternatively than cleverly shoving it to contractors.4.2 The Heathrow Method Terminal 5 was an audacious development project that involved more than 60 contractors and 16 major projects. British Airways Authority (BAA) adopted a unique approach to the project to make sure it is completed both on time and within budget. It used an innovative form of cost-reimbursable contract the T5 obligation under which BAA holds all the risks associated with the project rather than transferring the risks to external suppliers and guarantees a level of prot for suppliers. (Brady, 2008). The Agreement included an incentive payment for contractors that achieved a certain level of performance. It decided to reimburse the costs of delivery and to reward exceptional performance and punish mediocre and poor performance only in terms of protability. This created some sort of win-win environment for all parties and motivated the contractors to focus their attention on the needs of the project and collectively solve problems rather than concentrate on their own business risks and interests. These are the fundamental reasons why T5 achieved the laudable success of staying within budget and cost at completion.Cleveland would not have walked out of the jo b if it was given firm assurance of re-imbursement of cost incurred. The contracts should have been designed with an approach that offered incentives to all, for improvement in cost, time or quality and not in an adversarial environment associated with fixed cost contracts.4.3 Integrating the Supply chain Both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) underscored the importance of using integrated teams to realise project goals. The T5 approach used by BAA combined two main principles the client always bears the risk and partners are worth more than suppliers. It provides an appropriate environment for integrated team working to enable suppliers to work effectively and focus on meeting the projects objectives not only in relation to the traditional time, budget, and quality measures but also in relation to safety and environmental targets (Brady, 2008). By doing that you take away negativity, allow space for innovation and create any opportunity for people to perform at levels they havent been allowed to before (Mylius, 2005).4.4 Involvement of end users End users often hold vital information as they are usually in a wear position to comment on the detailed requirements for a building than senior management who may not even be the occupants of the building when it is completed. After all, the users have first hand experience of what makes a building successful or otherwise (Menches, 2008). By the use of such methods as focus groups, value management workshops and major surveys, the issue of athletics, rugby and football in the same venue could have been resolved even before any detailed design and thus eliminating the extensive delays and cost implications it had on the project (Barrett, P., and Stanley, C., 1999).4.5 Use of a Project bank In an attempt to integrate project teams in an atmosphere of trust, collaborationism and openness, the National Audit Office (NAO) of the UK suggested the use of a project bank account. To ensure better construction, it said, supplie rs require greater certainty that they will be paid on time to re-enforce the trust that should exist between all parties for collaborative working to operate effectively. This was endorsed by the Specialist Contractors who indicated that payments for the project delivery team should be defend and secure, which would, in turn, significantly reduce disputes and, more importantly, will encourage closer working relationships between all parties. (Parliamentary Newsletter, Issue 3, Spring/Summer 2006).4.6 Best Project Management Practice At the execution level, much of the problems that occurred on the project could have been avoided or its impact attenuated if best project management practice was adopted by all especially Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge. Problems of poor site management practice, poor or incorrect fabrication of steel, design change management and communication could have been arrested with proper planning, organisation and control.4.7 Careful Monitoring Projects rarel y stay on track in terms of time and cost. the more believably occurrence is that projects will be behind schedule yet over budget at any point in time. Good project management carefully and critically appraises all factors that a likely to push a project off schedule (Office of Government Commerce, 2005). Monitoring progress carefully and instigating timely corrective actions by both WNSL, Multiplex as well as the FA, would have helped identify the likely impact of any problems so that action can be taken to get the project back on track.5.0 ConclusionExperience is a great asset to professionals practicing in any discipline, whether that experience comes from success or failure and whoever fails to learn from his mistakes is doomed to repeat them. Some of the key lessons on Wembley Stadium is thus now summarised belowAdequate time and move needs to be invested in the strategic planning phase of every project to come out with clear, realistic, and unambiguous project objectivesPro ject team must engage effectively with users and other external stakeholders especially at the concept stage of any scheme to save the project from major changes with its attending problemsConstruction procurement must move away from competitive tendering and cost as the selection criteria and develop procedures that use performance and team partnering and capabilityContracts must be designed to provide incentive to all for cost and time improvement and also forge a win-win environment between clients and supply chain memberssufficiency resources have to be made available for the project based on realistic estimatesClients must assume central roles in projects for they essentially drive best practiceContinual change in project requirements and scope can be very detrimental for the projectDysfunctional relationships and fragmentation can turn a perfect project scheme into a complete chaos and thus project teams must operate as a cohesive unit, with clear allocation of roles and respo nsibilities.Finally, it is evident, at least from the Wembley Stadium project that a poor knowledge and a lack awareness of the fundamental project management skills by the client can lead to failure as clients essentially drive best practice. An effective and successful outcome of project management on any project in most cases will only be achieved if both the client and the contractor or project management organisations are effective in the skills of project management. A poor client organisation, in terms of project management, may well drive a good project manager and his team into poor performance.Agreeably, it may not be a panacea due to many circumstances and occurrences that may well be out of its control. However, Project Management stands the chance of producing laudable results if the construction industry stopped treating it casually and unprofessionally but rigorously apply the great worth of knowledge and experience its gathered over the past years, through both its s uccess and failure stories.

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology Essay

Factors Affecting The Rate Of Photosynthesis Biology EssayThe purpose of this examineation is to observe the agentive roles affecting the Photosynthetic consec score of leaves, which is measured in two ways. Firstly changing the argus-eyed intensiveness, this go away determine the rate of sum up or decrease in photosynthesis. Secondly changing the availability of nutrients (Concentration of carbon dioxide) to the plants, this will directly affect the photosynthetic rate. To test the heat enthusiasm, an elodea submerged in a beaker was placed at different measurement away from the plant, to enchant if atomic number 8 (bubbles) is produced. To test the availability of nutrients, different molarities of Sodium Bicarbonate was diluted in 500 ml of water with Elodea, to see if rate of photosynthesis change magnitude or decreased.The result shows, as crystalize color increases, the rate of response will increase at a relative rate until a certain train is r separatelyed. At a light mass of four hundred the average increase in rate of response was 746v. At 4 the average increase in rate of chemical response was 8676v, a difference of 7930v, which shows the rate of reaction is greatly influenced by light intensity.As the molarity of Sodium Bicarbonate increases, the rate of reaction will also increase at a proportional rate with respect to light intensity. At 0.05M the average increase in rate of reaction was 0.80r. At 0.1M the average increase in rate of reaction was 1.90r, a difference of 1.1r, which shows the rate of reaction is also significantly influenced by the availability of nutrients. well-nigh(prenominal) light intensity and availability of nutrients atomic number 18 important factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.AimTo investigate how different factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. The variables that will be changed argon different intensity of light and different molarities of Sodium bicarbonate and then(prenominal) measuring the rate of reaction (photosynthetic rate).HypothesisThroughout this audition the light intensity and different molarities of Sodium Bicarbonate will be varied. The variable that is measured will be time, for rate of reaction.As light intensity increases the rate of reaction will increase at a proportional rate. As the concentration of NaHCO3 increases the rate of the reaction will also increase at a proportional rate.IntroductionE very species on earth needs somewhat kind of energy source in raise to survive. In animal cells, the mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate from cellular respiration. However, the plant cells have a different type of center that produces energy-chloroplasts. Plants go through the process of photosynthesis. The main process of photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll, effectuate in leaves and the immersion of carbon dioxide from the environment, and together they produce oxygen and sugar (energy). The equation below repre sents the photosynthesis reactionThe purpose of this experiment is to test whether factors much(prenominal) as light intensity and level of Carbon dioxide, will affect the rate of photosynthesis, which are the two most important variables in the photosynthesis process. This was demonstrated by Robert Hill in 1938, known as The Hill Reaction. Robert Hill and his associates at the University of Illinois found that the photosynthetic rate varies with light intensity, and as the light intensity increases, the reaction rate also increases up to a certain point.Apparatus needed for the ExperimentElodea20mm syringeCapillary tubingStandStopwatchswayerNaHCO SolutionBench lampDistilled waterFigure A) PotometerMethodThe apparatus is set (see Fig. A) with the syringe full of the 0.01M resoluteness of NaHCO3 solution. Two marks 10cm apart are hold in on the capillary tubing.The syringe is placed 0.05m away from the lamp.Using the syringe plunger the meniscus of the NaHCO3 is set so that it is level with the first mark.A stop watch is then started. The meniscus should gradually move down the capillary tube as the elodea produces oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. As the oxygen is produced it increases the pressure in the syringe and so the meniscus is pushed down the tube.Light Intensity = 1 / Distance (m)When the meniscus reaches the level of the bottom mark the stop watch should be stopped.Light intensities have been worked out utilize the following equation6. Using the same piece of elodea and the same surpass between the lamp and the syringe the experiment (steps 1 to 5) should be repeated for the other concentration of NaHCO3.7. The experiment (steps 1 to 6) should then be repeated at each different distance between the syringe and the light for all the NaHCO3 concentrations. The remaining distances are 0.05m, 0.06m, 0.07m, 0.08m, 0.1m, 0.2m, 0.3m, and 0.5m.8. The entire experiment should then be repeated three times in order to obtain more than accurate info and to get rid of any anomalies that may occur in a single experiment.In order to make this experiment as accurate as possible a number of steps must be taken.The same piece of elodea should be utilize each time in order to make sure that each experiment is being carried out with the same leaf surface area.The amount of NaHCO3 solution should be the same for each experiment. 20mm should be employ each time.The distance should be measured from the front of the lamp to the syringe. Although taking these steps will make the experiment more accurate, its accuracy is still limited by several factors.From these recorded times I will work out the rate of the reaction using the following equation.Rate of the Reaction = 1 / Time (s)ResultsTable1. (Average of the 4 trails of Molarity against Light intensity)Molarity of NaHCO3Light Intensity 1/d (m)0.00(Distilled water)0.010.020.050.07400357116661099523 two hundred27816705183988600375204499844851175 atomic number 654731565590230017701 445621100999031502900255212242547623984285016401159454348378028304164801190451966578Using these results I worked out the rateRate Of the Reaction = 1 / Time(s) x 1000The rate was cipher by 1000 to make the numbers easier to handle.Table2.Average of the 4 trails in rate of reactionMolarity of NaHCO3Light Intensity 1/d (m)0.00(Distilled water)0.010.020.050.074000.280.600.911.915.002780.600.191.011.672.672040.200.220.851.002.111560.180.430.560.691.611000.100.320.340.390.82250.210.250.350.61110.170.230.260.3540.060.080.190.15Light intensity against NaHCO3Graph1.Analysis give-and-take of ResultsAnalysisDistilled water With the distilled water the rate of reaction went up from 0.1 to 0.4 when the light intensity was change magnitude from 100 to 400. This is a 4 times rise which is quite large. The curve on the graph does however level out quite currently showing that the rate is being limited by the lack of NaHCO3 in the water.0.01M NaHCO3 At a light intensity of 4 the rate is 0.06 but this rises to 0.6 when the light intensity is brought up to 400. The curve is very shallow and levels off towards a light intensity of 350 400.0.02M NaHCO3 The amount of NaHCO3 is double that of the 0.01M NaHCO3 experiment. The rate also finishes off double that of the 0.01M experiment. This would suggest that there was a directly proportional relationship between the amount of NaHCO3 and the rate of reaction.0.05M NaHCO3 The curve for the 0.05M NaHCO3 is steeper than the previous curves. The rate rises to 1.9 at a light intensity of 400.0.07M NaHCO3 The 0.07M NaHCO3 test produces a line which is steeper than all the previous curves. The plant is using the extra CO2 to photosynthesize more. As the plant has more CO2 the limiting factor caused by the lack of CO2 is reduced. This test did produce a big anomaly. The rate for a light intensity of 400 is 5. By following the line of best fit I can see that this result should be more like 3.5. The elodea for this test was very close t o the light source. It is possible that it had been left here for a while which caused the lamp to heat the elodea up. This would have increased the rate of reaction of the plants enzymes which would have increased the photosynthesis rate.0.1M NaHCO3 The 0.1M NaHCO3 produced the steepest line. Near the end of the line it looks as if the rate of reaction is hit by another limiting factor. The line goes up steadily but then between a light intensity of 300 and 400 levels off very quickly. This would suggest that at a 0.1M NaHCO3 is sufficient for the plant to photosynthesize at its maximum rate with its current environmental conditions. Increasing the NaHCO3 concentration after this level would therefore have no effect unless the next limiting factor was removed.DiscussionThe hypothesis was that the rate of photosynthesis would increase if the light intensity and NaHCO3 levels were increased (please refer to Graph1). As the elodea absorbed the light and CO2 it produced oxygen gas whi ch increased the pressure in the syringe. This pushed the air bubble in the capillary tube down. The chloroplasts produce ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH2 when exposed to light. It is at this stage of the reaction that oxygen is produced as a waste product, furthermore, the data collected was supported by the results obtained by Robert Hill and his associates at the University of Illinois, where they predicted, as the light intensity and NaHCO3 levels increased, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase up to a certain level (please refer to Graph2)As predicted when the light intensity increases so does the rate of photosynthesis. It was predicted that a level would be reached where increasing the light intensity would have no more effect on the rate of reaction as there would be some other limiting factor which limits the rate of the reaction. The rate increases at a steady rate as the light intensity increases until near the end of each line where the rate decreases. This is eith er because the photosynthesis reaction has reached its maximum rate of reaction or another factor is limiting the rate. As 6 different CO2 concentrations were used I can see that the first five reactions are not occurring at their maximum rate as there is the 0.1M NaHCO3 rest which is occurring at a faster rate then the other 5. The photosynthesis reactions of the other five tests must therefore be limited by the concentration of CO2 to the plant.As predicted when the NaHCO3 concentration is increased the plant in able to get more CO2 which causes the rate of reaction to go up. It was predicted that once the NaHCO3 had been raised above a certain level increasing the rate further would have no effect as there would be other limiting factors limiting the rate of the reaction. As the NaHCO3 concentration the water was increased the rate of photosynthesis also increased. The plant therefore made more oxygen as a waste product. At a NaHCO3 concentration of 0.1M once the light intensity gets above 300 the rate of reaction decreases significantly. This could be because photosynthesis is occurring at its maximum possible rate or because another limiting factor is restraining the rate of reaction.The fact that the curve levels off so quickly indicates that there is another limiting factor restraining photosynthesis. It could be temperature. These tests are being carried out at room temperature so the temperature would have to be raised another 15C before the enzymes in the plants cells were at their optimum working temperature. More tests could be done by using water that was at a higher temperature to see what effect this would have on the photosynthesis rate. It is however impossible to raise the plants temperature without affect other factors. For instance the actual amount of oxygen released by the plant is slightly more than the readings would suggest as some of the oxygen would dissolve into the water. At a higher temperature less oxygen would be able to dissolv e into the water so the readings for the photosynthesis rate could be by artificial means increased.It is also possible that the photosynthetic reactions in the plant are occurring at their maximum possible rate and so cannot be increased any more. The light is probably not a limiting factor as all but one of the curves level off before the maximum light intensity of 400 is reached. The maximum light intensity that the plants can handle is therefore just below 400.Water will not be a limiting factor as the plants are living in water. They therefore have no stomata and absorb all their CO2 by diffusion through the leaves.Graph1. Light intensity against NaHCO3 MY RESULTSGraph2. Light intensity against NaHCO3 SOURCELimitations and ImprovementThe accuracy of this experiment is limited by a number of factors.Some of the oxygen give off is used for respiration by the plant.Some of the oxygen dissolved into the water.Some was used by small invertebrates that were found living within the pieces of elodea.The higher light intensities should be quite accurate but the smaller light intensities would be less accurate because the light spreads out. The elodea will also get background light from other experiments.The lights are also a source of heat which will affect the experiments with only a small distance between the light and the syringe. This thawing could affect the results.Using the same piece of elodea for each experiment was impractical as the elodeas photosynthesis rate decreased over time. By using a different piece of elodea for each experiment did create the problem of it being impossible for each piece to have the same surface area.This experiment could be improved in a number of ways.It could be repeated more times to help get rid of any anomalies. A wear out overall result would be obtained by repeating the experiment more times because any errors in one experiment should be compensated for by the other experiments.Each person should have done their ex periments in a different room to cut out all background light.All the experiments should be done sequentially.A perspex screen could have been placed between the light and the syringe to reduce any heating effect that the light may have.The experiment could have been carried out with higher NaHCO3 to see if increasing the concentration would increase the rate of photosynthesis, or if a concentration of 0.1M NaHCO3 produces the maximum rate of photosynthetic reaction. consequenceThe intention of this experiment was to investigate different factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. The hypothesis was, as light intensity increases the rate of reaction will increase at a proportional rate. As the concentration of NaHCO3 increases the rate of the reaction will also increase at a proportional rate. This was correct, supported by the data collected which shows at a light intensity of 400 the average increase in rate of reaction was 746v. At 4 the average increase in rate of reaction was 8676v, a difference of 7930v, which shows the rate of reaction is greatly influenced by light intensity. This was demonstrated by Robert Hill and his associates, with similar results to this experiment, which they found that the photosynthetic rate varies with light intensity, and as the light intensity increases, the reaction rate also increases up to a certain point.

Macbeth tragic hero Essay -- essays research papers

Tragic Hero or Villain?MacBeth the play is considered a tragedy and every tragedy needs a tragic hero. There are many factors that caused the degeneration of Macbeth. Macbeth is not a villlian in this story he is a tragic hero. The major factor that started the downfall was the forecasting by the jinxes in Act 1, Scene 3. The witches were praising Macbeth. The first witch said, All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis The second witch said, All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawder The third witch said, All hail, Macbeth That shalt be King hereafter When Macbeth and Banquo are leaving the witches Banquo is told that he wont be King but his sons get out be. In the middle of Act 1 scene 3, Ross tells Macbeth that the Thane of Cawdor is being executed and he will be taking his place. Now Macbeth believes the prophecy told by the witches. He hasnt quite figured out how he will become King. One of the things that could have also contributed to Macbeths downfall is that h e is too indefensible and he believes everything that he hears. The witches corrupt Macbeths character and make him power hungry.In Act 1, Scene 5 Macbeth wrote a letter to chick Macbeth. Lady Macbeth has a crazy idea the King is staying in their castle, giving Macbeth a chance to kill the King and become King. Lady Macbeth corrupts Macbeth even more by putting ideas...